A+P module 4

functions of the skeleton

protects vital organs, produce blood cells, store calcium and salts, provide sites of attachment, permit flexible movement, and support against gravity

long bones

long and thin, support body weight and enable movement

flat bones

form the roof of the skull to protect the brain

short bones

small cube-shaped

irregular bones

vary in structure ex: vertebrae and pelvis

sesamoid bones

small and round, reinforce tendons

bone landmarks

markings, ridges, grooves, or holes.

foramen, canal, fissure

openings to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway

sinus

hollow chamber usually filled with air

process, ramus

elevations in bone

trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

fossa, sulcus

depressions in bone

skull

contains 22 bones, 8 cranial and 14 facial

fontanelles

membranous regions connecting the cranial bones in newborns (soft spot), close around 2 months, could last till 2 years

sphenoid bone

contributes to the floors and walls of the eye socket

ethmoid bone

lies in front of the sphenoid bone, is part of the orbital wall and the nasal septum

sinuses

air spaces lined with mucus membranes, reduce the weight of the skull and resonate sound

mastoiditis

inflammation of the mastoid sinuses, can lead to deafness

sinus infection (sinusitis)

soft tissues in the sinus become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy

foramen magnum

allows for passage of the spinal cord

carotid canal

opening in the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery

external acoustic meatus

allows for transmission of sound in the temporal bone

mandible

only movable skull bone, lower jaw, non paired

maxillae

upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen

zygomatic bones

form the cheek bones

palatine bones

form the posterior portion of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity

lacrimal bone

lies between the ethmoid and maxillary bone

vomer

non paired, joins with the ethmoid to form the nasal septum

nasal conchae

swirl the air as it is breathed in to warm and humidify

vertebral column curves

provide strength, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

sections of the vertebral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

spinous processes

bony projections of the dorsal side of the spine

articular facets

allow vertibrae to articulate with each other

cervical vertebra

7 vertebrae, long spinous process with a tip that splits into two parts

thoracic vertebra

12 vertabrae, long thin spinous process pointing inferiorly,

lumbar vertebra

5 vertebrae, shorter spinous processes that points posteriorly, large body to support the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs

sacrum

5 fused bones at the base of the spine

coccyx

4-5 fused vertebrae, which begin to fuse at age 25

ribs

connect to the thoracic vertebrae, 1-7 connect to the sternum, 8-10 connect to the sternum via a shaft of cartilage, 11 and 12 are called “floating” as the do not attach to the sternum.

sternum

composed of the the manubrium, body, and ziphoid process

pectoral girdle

two clavicles and two scapulae

scapula

shoulder blade, freely movable, only held in place with muscles and ligaments

glenoid cavity

in the neck of the scapula, where the humerus articulates

coracoid process

projects anteriorly from the scapula, allows for muscular attachment

humerus

single long bone in the upper arm, connects at the glenoid cavity with a rounded head and rotator curd muscles and ligaments. lots of movement, little stability, prone to dislocation.

capitulum

end of the humerus, articulates with some of the radius

trochlea

end of the humerus, articulates with the ulna

olecranon process

prominent piece of the ulna, can be palpated

hand bones

8 carpals, 5 metacarpal, 5 proximal phalanges, 4 middle phalanges, 5 distal phalanges

carpal bones

proximal are scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform. distal are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

pelvic girdle

consist of 2 large coxal bones with a hollow cavity

coxal bones

anchored to the sacrum with ligaments, form a hollow cavity, created by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

femur

longest and strongest single bone, connected to the pelvis at the acetabulum (hip joint)

patella

anterior to the femur in a tendon, the kneecap

tibia

larger lower leg bone, can be palpated, on the inner side of the leg, medial malleolus is the inner ankle ball

fibula

smaller leg bone, on the outer side of the leg, lateral malleolus is the ankle ball

foot bones

7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal, 5 proximal phalanges, 4 middle phalanges, 5 distal phalanges

tarsal bones

medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, navicular, cuboid, talus, and calcaneus

bone

a living tissue that renews itself, has a cavity filled with bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

fat storage tissue most often found in long bones

red bone marrow

produces red blood cells, most often found in short and flat bones

diaphysis

center length of the bone where marrow is found

articular cartilage

helps cushion joints and enable them to move freely

articular cartilage

cartilage found specifically at joint articulations

osteones

osteocytes in tiny chambers arranged in circles around center canals

osteocytes

bone cells

lacunae

tiny chambers for osteocytes

center canals

contain blood vessels, which bring nutrients, and nerves

matrix

separates the lacunae and contains protein fibers of collagen and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

compact bone

solid outer layer of the bone, surrounds the spongey bone interior

spongey bone

contains many bony bars and plates separated by spaces, light but also strong

osteoclasts

break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium into the blood

osteoblasts

repairs the bone by taking calcium from the blood. can get caught in the matrix and converted to osteocytes

ossification

converting cartilaginous structures to real bone during prenatal development

endochondral ossification

ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage, begins at primary ossification center. Cartilage cells die, and blood vessels deliver osteoblasts.

growth plate

a cartilaginous disc between the primary ossification center and each secondary center that can increase in length. Controlled by hormones. become ossified during puberty to stop growing.

intramembranous ossification

formation of flat bones from connective tissues. begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at certain points within the connective tissue. These secrete bone tissue until they turn to osteocytes.

closed fracture

when the bone breaks but remains in the skin

open fracture

bone breaks and part breaks out of the skin

greenstick fracture

bone bends and breaks but not all the way, common in children

comminuted fracture

a bone is broke into more than 2 segments, often repaired surgically.

impacted fracture

one one of the bone shaft is pushed into the other part of the bone.

rheumatoid arthritis

the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens, this causes the joint to become immovable and painful

osteoarthritis

(old age arthritis) articular cartilage at the ends of bones disintegrates. bones become rough and irregular causing pain.

osteoporosis

bone tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced, and bones become weak and brittle. causes pain and fractures

fibrous joints

immovable joints, such as the ones in the cranium

cartilaginous joints

slightly movable, such as the ones in-between the vertabrae

synovial joints

freely movable and separated with a joint cavity. most bones.

ligaments

bind the bones together with a joint capsule

synovial fluid

a lubricant for the joint formed by the synovial membrane lining the joint capsule

hinge joints

allow movement in one direction, such as the elbow and knee

ball and socket joints

allow movement in a directions such as the hip and shoulder

saddle joint

in the thumb, allows it to freely cross the palm

pivot joint

allows for rotational movement, in the cervical spine

coracoclavicular ligament

joints the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle

coracoacromial ligament

joins the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula

capsulat ligament

surrounds the head of the humerus, anchoring it to the scapula

coracohumeral ligament

connects the head of the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula

rotator cuff tendons

support the shoulder by limiting moment at the shoulder to stabilize the head of the humerus in it’s joint