8th Grade Final Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for the 8th grade final exam review covering volume, density, friction, chemical reactions, temperature, phase changes, machines, work, chemical equations, periodic table, atoms, chemical properties, scientific method, motion, waves, gases, energy, and definitions.

Volume (Regular Shaped Object)

Length x Width x Height

Volume (Irregular Shaped Object)

Difference in water height

Density

Mass / Volume (d=m/v)

Frame of Reference

A point used to see if an object is moving

Sliding Friction

Two objects slide over each other

Static Friction

Friction on an object that is not moving

Rolling Friction

One object rolls over another (has wheels)

Catalyst

A material that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in living things

Interpolated Data

Data that is given.

Extrapolated Data

Extended data

Solid (Phase of Matter)

Definite shape, definite volume

Liquid (Phase of Matter)

No definite shape, definite volume

Gas (Phase of Matter)

No definite shape, no definite volume

Evaporation

Liquid to a gas at the surface.

Vaporization

Liquid to a gas throughout the liquid

Melting

Solid to a liquid

Freezing

Liquid to a solid

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Sublimation

Solid directly to a gas

Mechanical Advantage

The number of times the machine increases the force put on it.

Inclined Plane (Mechanical Advantage)

Length divided by height

Pulleys (Mechanical Advantage)

of ropes supporting the object minus the one attached to it.

Levers (Mechanical Advantage)

Output force divided by Input force

Wedge (Mechanical Advantage)

Length divided by width

Fulcrum

The fixed point around which a lever pivots.

Work

An object must be moved.

Density (Units)

g/cm³ or Kg/m³

Velocity (Units)

m/s + direction, Kg/hr + direction, miles/hr + direction

Speed (Units)

m/s, Kg/hr, miles/hr

Acceleration (Units)

m/s², Kg/hr², miles/hr²

Mass (Units)

grams, kilograms

Volume (Units)

Cm³, m³, mL

Period (Periodic Table)

Horizontal row

Group (Periodic Table)

Vertical column

Noble Gases

Group 18

Alkali Metals

Group 1

Transition Metals

Groups 3-12

Halogens

Group 17

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2

Nonmetals

Groups 13-18

Atomic Mass

Number of protons + number of neutrons

Atomic Number

Number of Protons

Proton

Positive charge, located in nucleus, 1 AMU

Electron

Negative charge, located in orbits, 0 AMU

Neutron

Neutral (no) charge, located in nucleus,1 AMU

Molecule

2 or more atoms chemically bonded

Chemical Property

Characteristic of a substance that lets it change into another substance (flammability, rusting)

Physical Property

Alter form or appearance but does not change it to something else. (Phase change, Color, size)

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outer orbit

Qualitative data

Writing, drawing

Quantitative data

Number data

Control Variable

Something that remains the same

Independent Variable

The variable you change

Dependent Variable

Changes because of the independent variable

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest unless an outside force acts on it. An object in motion stays in motion unless an outside force acts on it

Newton's Second Law

Force = mass x acceleration

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Exothermic Reactions

Will have energy as one of their end products. (right side of arrow)

Endothermic Reactions

Will have energy as a reactant (left side of arrow)

Longitudinal Wave

A wave vibrating in the direction of propagation.

Transverse Wave

A wave vibrating perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Surface Wave

A wave that has characteristics of both transverse and longitudinal waves

Boyle's Law

When pressure goes up, volume goes down, and vise versa

Charles' Law

When temperature increases, volume increases, and vise versa

Insulator

Does not conduct heat or electricity easily (plastic)

Conductor

Transfers heat and electricity easily (metals)

Reference Point

Used for comparison to tell if an object is moving

Acceleration

The rate at which velocity changes

Refraction

The bending of waves as they enter a new medium at an angle and Chance Speed.

Wave

A disturbance that transfers energy from Place to Place.

Velocity

Speed + direction

Kinetic Energy

Energy in motion

Potential energy

Energy at rest

Elastic Potential energy

Energy of Stretched or Compressed objects

Nuclear energy

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Mechanical energy

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object.

Mechanical Advantage

The number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it.