Oral Comm 2nd qt Test

Casual

This is the informal language used by peers and friends

Intimate

This communication is private. This language is shared between couples, twins, very close friends.

Frozen

Also called static register, this style of communication rarely or never changes.

Register

is used to indicate degrees of formality in language use.

Language register

is the level of formality of which one speaks.

Formal

This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature.

Consultative

This is a standard form of communication. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communication.

Awareness of how words are combined to create mood and meaning

To do this, study the piece so that you will understand not just all the words but also how the writer, in putting those words together, has created the mood and meaning which you now need to give voice to.

Study and preparation

Consider the attitude, feelings, emotion, or temperament of the person who wrote the selection because these give meaning to the words and point to the style of reading aloud, which you will use in your interpretation

Make the piece your own when you interpret it

Identify words and ideas that need emphasis. Recall your own experiences to help you in understanding the author’s mood.

Use of verbal (pronunciation, voice, tone, modulation, emphasis) and nonverbal cues

Allow sincere, spontaneous bodily actions that naturally come to convey ideas and emotions. Mind the use of voice, tone, and modulation in stating words to help the audience/listeners identify what you are trying to emphasize in your presentation

John Langshaw “J. L.” Austin

was a British philosopher of language. He is remembered primarily as the developer of the theory of speech acts.

Speech Act

In linguistics and the philosophy of language, it is an utterance that has a performative function in language and communication.

Locution

It is the mere utterance of a string of words with a certain meaning.

Illocution

It is the act of speaking to interact with the receiver.

Perlocution

It is the act of uttering words to affect the behavior or manner of the receiver. It is also the act of trying to bring about a certain change in the addressee.

John R. Searle

the man who made the classification of speech act

Representative

speaking from truth

Directive

giving commands, order, suggestios, or request

Commisive

promising yourself to future actions

Expressive

Expressing psychological state

Declaration

declaring war, marriage, hiring, or firing

Facilitator’s Role

When asked to facilitate or lead a group discussion, planning is important so that it becomes animated but focused. Time is wasted if the discussion goes into detours that have no bearing on what the discussion hopes to accomplish.

Identify and articulate objectives

Make sure the purpose of the discussion is clear to all participants, and then form your plan accordingly

Create an inclusive environment

Treat groupmates with respect and consideration, and do not play favorites by letting only a few dominate the discussion.

Plan by asking the right questions

Thought-provoking questions can be a good start to a healthy exchange of ideas.

Provide direction and maintain focus

Discussions tend to be most productive when all members of the group are focused. Summarize key issues occasionally as you go, and refocus attention if the discussion seems to be getting off track

Bring closure

Synthesizing the discussion is a critical step for linking the discussion to the original objectives.

Physical Factors

Choose a place and seating arrangement where the discussion can take place without distraction if you can. It is best to have no more than eight (8) members in a group.

Participant’s Role

Participants in a healthy group discussion need to play an active role by taking on leadership tasks.

Social/Emotional Factors

Know the strengths and weaknesses of your groupmates and assign roles according to what they can do best.

informal group discussions

the norm in most group interactions

Call to order

a signal that the meeting is about to begin

Roll call of members present

– an attendance sheet may be passed in place of thisas needed or if part of the agenda

Officers or committee reports

as needed or if part of the agenda

Reading minutes of the last meeting

the minutes may be circulated beforehand for corrections, comments, and approval to save time

Special orders

important business previously designated for consideration at the meeting

Unfinished business

matter/s that need to be decided on or resolved

New business

issues that are up for discussion

Announcements

reminders or matter that everyone needs to know

Adjournment

formal closing of the meeting.

Second motions

to approve a motion that has been moved

Debate motion

to give issues to be discussed or voted on

Vote on motions

– to register approval or dissent on a motion.

Obtaining the floor

Wait until the last speaker has finished.

• Rise or raise your hand, and address the chairperson as “Mr./Ms. Chairperson” or “Mr./Ms. President.”

• Wait until the chairperson recognizes you.

Making your motion

• Speak in clear and concise manner.

• Always state a motion affirmatively. Say, “I move that we…”

• Avoid personalities, explain clearly, and stay on your subject.

Waiting for someone to second your motion

• Another member will second your motion, or the chairperson will call the second. • If there is no second to your motion, it is lost.

• When the chairperson says, “It has been moved and seconded that we…,” the motion is put before the membership for consideration and action. The membership either debates the motion or may move directly to a vote.

• Once your motion is presented to the membership by the chairperson, it becomes “assembly property,” and you cannot change it without the consent of the members.

Expanding on your motion

The tie for you to speak in favor of your motion is at this point, rather than at a time you present it.

• The mover is always allowed to speak first.

• Keep to the time limit for speaking that has been established.

• The mover may speak ag

Putting the question to the membership

• The chairperson asks, “Are you ready to vote on the question?”

• If there is no more discussion, a vote is taken.

• Alternatively, a motion to move the previous question may be adapted.

By Voice

The chairperson asks those in favor to say “aye” those opposed to say “no.” Any member may move for an exact count.

By Roll Call

– Each member answers “yes” or “no” as his/her name is called. This is used when a record of each person’s vote is required.

By General Consent

When a motion is not likely to be opposed, the chairperson says, “If there is no objection…” The membership shows agreement by their silence; however, if one member says, “I object,” the item must be put to a vote.

By Division

This is to verify a vote. It does not require a count unless the chairperson so desires. Members raise their hands or stand.

By Ballot

Members write their vote on a slip of paper; this method is used when secrecy is desired.

Motion to Table

This motion is often used in the attempt to “kill” a motion. The option is always present; however, to “take from the table” is for reconsideration by the membership.

Motion to Postpone Indefinitely

This is often used as a parliamentary strategy and allows opponents of motions to test their strength without an actual vote being taken. Also, debate is once again open on the main motion.