Lecture 3 general concepts of muscles and connective tissue

Fibrous joints

bones are united by dense connective tissues

Cartilaginous joints

bones are united by cartilage

Synovial joints

A fluid-filled cavity intervenes between the bones.

What is 1

Articular cartilage

what is 2

Synovial membrane

the synovial fluid avoid the friction and supplies nutrients for the cartilage

what is 3

Fibrous layer of joint capsile

What is 4

Synovial cavity filled woth synovial fluid

what is 2+3=?

Joint capsule

On exam Ligaments hold bone with bone or bone to cartilage or cartilage to cartilage. DO NOT CONNECT TO MUSCLE

know this

what is this

capsular ligament

what is this

Intra capsular ligaments

ligaments located inside the articular capsule

intracapsular is not within the synovial cavity

what is this

intra capsular lig intercarpal interosseous lig.

what is this

Collateral lig

what is this

lateral collateral lig. of genual joint

what is this

Nuchal lig

what is this:

Labrum Fibrocartilage that extend the articular surface of an articular

cavity, by adding a marginal ring or lip (labrum).

what is this

meniscus

Fibrocartilage that help in the

adaptation of articular surfaces.

Genual joint (stifle): Each meniscus

have crescent moon shape where the

peripheral border is attached to the

articular capsule.

what is this

Disc:

Fibrocartilage that totally separate a joint cavity in two compartments. Help in the

adaptation and movement of the surfaces.

Label these synovial joints

1. Plane joint

2. Hinge joint (ginglymus)

3. Pivot joint (articulatio trochoidea)

4. Condylar joint

5. Ellipsoidal joint

6. Saddle joint (articulatio sellaris)

7. The ball-and-socket or

spheroidal joint

myology

study of the muscles

Smooth muscle:

Cardiac muscle:

Skeletal muscle:

Visceral and involuntary

Involuntart and striated

Striated, somatic, or voluntary

Muscular cell=

muscular fiber

Muscular fascicle=

group of fibers

Epimysium:

Connectivve tissue around 1 muscle

Perimysium:

Around a fascicle of fibers

Endomysium:

around fiberste

tendon:

attach the muscle to a bone, cartilage, fascia or other muscle

Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT)

Belly:

The red, fleshy part that is contractile

-a given muscle might have 1 or several bellies

Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT)

Attachments

CT proper that joins the muscle to bone, cartilage, other muscles

Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT)

Origin

the less mobile attachment. Each head of a muscle has a unique origin

Parts of a muscle & connective tissue(CT)

insertion/ termination

the more mobile attachment

Motor unit:

A given motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls. In some muscles requiring very fine control, a motor unit may consist of one neuoron and only few muscle fiber. In other muscles a motor unit may consist of one neuron and several hundred muscle fibers

Muscle tone

Tension or level of contraction in a muscle at rest

Not all motor units within a given muscle are relaxed simultaneously.

Even in a relaxed muscle there are groups of muscles contracted.

Muscle contration

Articular angles

Specific angle formed by two or more articular levers / bones

Movement of a joint causing an increase in the joint angles is:

extension

Movement of a joint causing reduction in the joint angle is:

flexion

Circumduction

Movment of a part in the motion of a circle

Supination (means to beg like holding hand out for food…)

Lateral rotation of the

limbs causing the

palmar surface to face

medially (carnivores)

Anterior primates

Pronation

Medial rotation of the

limb causing the

palmar surface to face

“caudally”

Adduction

movement towards median plane

Abduction:

movement away from the median plane

Agonist

Muscle(s) that produces an action.

In this group the main muscle can be named as primer mover

Synergist

Helper muscle(s) of the agonist muscles.

fixator

Muscle(s) that “fix” a joint preventing the movement.

retain ligament (just wrist and ankle)

annular maintain ligament in position

synovial bursa like a pillow sits on

tendon sheath pool noodle that goes around it entirely