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absenteeism

when a worker is absent from work without a “good” reason

extrinsic motivation

desire to work based on a possible reward or threat

hygiene factors

factors in the work environment that influence employee satisfaction

intrinsic motivation

desire to work due to enjoyment of the work or internal satisfaction

job enlargement

additional similar duties are added to a job

job enrichment

job is redesigned to provide more challenging tasks

job rotation

employees switch regularly from one duty to another (a form of enlargement)

Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs”

physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization

performance-related pay

pay is linked to achievement of set targets, like sales figures

piece rate

employee is paid according to the quantity of units produced

collective bargaining

negotiation between an employer and its workers’ trade union

culture

the values, attitudes, and beliefs of employees; or what is “normal” in a business

Handy’s “Gods of Management”

power culture, role culture, task culture, person culture

Hofstede’s “National Cultures”

six ways cultures often differ around the world

Schein’s Culture Model

1) artifacts, 2) norms and values, 3) underlying assumptions

strike

the workforce refuses to work until certain workplace conditions are met

trade union 

organization of workers aiming to protect and improve working conditions

communication

the transfer of information between stakeholders

feedback

response to communication that may confirm receipt and comprehension

formal comm.

info is exchanged using official channels, like an annual general meeting

horizontal comm.

info is exchanged between parties at the same level in the organization

informal comm.

info is exchanged using unofficial channels, such as at social events

one-way comm.

info is passed in a single direction, with no feedback

vertical comm.

info is exchanged between parties at different levels in the organization

two-way comm.

nfo is passed up and down, or outside and back into, an organization