Ch 28 Body Structure & Function study guide

What is anatomy the study of?

The structure and organization of body parts, including their appearance, size, location, and connections to each other.

What is physiology the study of?

How body parts function and work together.

What can happen when a person's normal anatomy or physiology changes?

It can lead to diseases or disabilities.

What is the basic unit of life?

Cells, which can be observed under a microscope.

What four things does a cell require to survive?

Oxygen, water, nutrition, and the ability to eliminate waste products.

What are the four things a cell is capable of doing?

Organization, metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

What are the four main types of tissue?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

Protection.

List three locations in the body where epithelial tissue is found.

Digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

What two main functions does connective tissue perform?

Connects other tissues together and supports and forms the framework for the body parts.

List 4-5 examples of connective tissue.

Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and fatty tissues.

What is the function of cardiac muscle, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

It pumps blood throughout the body and is involuntary.

What is the function of skeletal muscle, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

It allows for movement of the body and is voluntary.

Where is smooth muscle found, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

In the walls of blood vessels, stomach, intestines, bladder, and other hollow organs; it is involuntary.

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

Conducts information.

How do nerves and the brain work together?

Nerves carry information to the brain for processing, and the brain sends commands back to the body through the nerves.

What does the word 'homeostasis' mean?

Staying similar or maintaining stable internal conditions.

When does disease occur, according to the concept of homeostasis?

When the structure or function of an organ (or organ system) is abnormal.

What is the difference between an acute disease and a chronic disease?

Acute: Sudden onset, short duration; Chronic: Lifelong.

What causes infectious diseases?

Pathogens.

What is a degenerative disease? Give two examples.

A disease where body tissue wears out, for example, arthritis and muscular dystrophy.

List three possible causes of a degenerative disease.

Can be inherited, caused by infection or injury, or aging; sometimes the cause is unknown.

List three ways a person’s diet can lead to a nutritional disorder.

Eating too much of one nutrient, lacking certain nutrients, or consuming too many calories.

What is an example of a nutritional disorder?

Obesity.

What are the two possible causes of a metabolic (endocrine) disorder?

Inability to metabolize or absorb certain nutrients; secretion of too much or too little of a hormone.

What is an example of a metabolic disorder?

Diabetes mellitus.

What are the two ways an immune disorder can change the immune system's behavior?

Reduces ability to fight off infections or causes the immune system to attack its own tissues.

Give one example of an immune disorder that reduces the immune system's ability to fight infection, and one example of an autoimmune disorder.

AIDS (immune deficiency); MS (Multiple Sclerosis) as an autoimmune disorder.

What are psychiatric disorders? Provide one example.

Conditions affecting mental health; example: Depression.

List the seven risk factors for disease.

Age, sex, heredity, lifestyle, occupation, chronic diseases, emotional health.