KU BIOL 240 Exam 1

append-

to hang something: appendicular—pertaining to the upper limbs and lower limbs

cardi-

heart: pericardium—membrane that surrounds the heart

cerebr-

brain: cerebrum—largest part of the brain

cran-

helmet: cranial—pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain

dors-

back: dorsal—position toward the back of the body

homeo-

same: homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

-logy

the study of: physiology—study of body functions

meta-

change: metabolism—chemical changes in the body

nas-

nose: nasal—pertaining to the nose

orb-

circle: orbital—pertaining to the portion of the skull that encircles an eye

pariet-

wall: parietal membrane—membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

pelv-

basin: pelvic cavity—basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones

peri-

around: pericardial membrane—membrane that surrounds the heart

pleur-

rib: pleural membrane—membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage

-stasis

standing still: homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

super-

above: superior—referring to a body part located above another

-tomy

cutting: anatomy—study of structure

Internal Environment

Environment within the body which cells live. Contains intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Axial Portion

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Portion

Upper and lower limbs

Serous Membranes

line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Secrete serous fluid that separates linings of the wall (parietal) to the organ covering (visceral)

Parietal layer

The layer lining the wall of the cavity

Visceral layer

Layer covering an organ

Organs of the integumentary system

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

Organs of the skeletal system

Bones, ligaments, and cartilages

Organs of the muscular system

Muscles

Organs of the nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, and sense organs

Innervated

Nerve cells connected to a body part

What does a hormone do

Alters the metabolism of its target cells, last longer

Organs of the endocrine system

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

Organs of the cardiovascular system

Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood

Organs of the lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

Sagittal plane

Lengthwise cute diving body into left and right

Transverse plane

Cuts the body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Epigastric region

Upper middle portion

Right and left hypochondriac

Regions to the left and right of the epigastric region

Umbilical region

Central portion

Right and left lateral regions

Left and right side of the umbilical region

Pubic region

Lower middle portion

Right and left inguinal regions

On the left and right side of the pubic region

abdominal (ab-DOM-in-al

region between the thorax and pelvis

acromial (ah-KROH-mee-al

point of the shoulder

antebrachial (AN-tee-BRAY-kee-al

forearm

antecubital (an-teh-KYOO-bit-al

anterior surface of the elbow

axillary (AK-sil-air-ee

armpit

brachial (BRAY-kee-al

arm

buccal (BUK-al

cheek

carpal (KAR-pal

wrist

celiac (SEE-lee-ak

abdomen

cephalic (SEH-FAL-ik

head

cervical (SER-vih-kuhl

neck

costal (KOS-tal

ribs

coxal (KOK-sal

hip

crural (KROOR-al

leg

cubital (KYOO-bih-tal

elbow

digital (DIJ-ih-tal

finger or toe

dorsal (DOR-sal

back

femoral (FEM-oh-ral

thigh

frontal (FRON-tal

forehead

genital (JEN-ih-tal

external reproductive organs

gluteal (GLOO-tee-al

buttocks

inguinal (IN-gwin-al

depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin

lumbar (LUM-bar

region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin

mammary (MAM-ah-ree

breast

mental (MEN-tal

chin

nasal (NAY-zal

nose

occipital (ock-SIP-it-al

inferior posterior region of the head

oral (OR-al

mouth

apo-

away; off; apart: apoptosis—a form of programmed cell death in which cells are shed from a developing structure or otherwise die

cyt-

cell: cytoplasm—fluid (cytosol) and organelles between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope

endo-

within: endoplasmic reticulum—membranous complex within the cytoplasm

hyper-

above: hypertonic—solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than the cytosol

hypo-

below: hypotonic—solution that has a lesser osmotic pressure than the cytosol

inter-

between: interphase—stage between mitotic divisions of a cell

iso-

equal: isotonic—solution that has an osmotic pressure equal to that of the cytosol

lys-

to break up: lysosome—organelle containing enzymes that break down proteins

mit-

thread: mitosis—stage of cell division when chromosomes condense

phag-

to eat: phagocytosis—process by which a cell takes in solid particles

pino-

to drink: pinocytosis—process by which a cell takes in tiny droplets of liquid

What are the three major parts of a cell?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and the cell membrane

What can pass through the membrane?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones

Vesicle trafficing

The transport of substances into and out of cells by fleets of vesicles

Microfilaments

Tiny rods made of actin that form meshworks or bundles and provide cellular motility. Aid in cell motility

Microtubules

Long, slender tubes with diameters two or three times greater than those microfilaments. Contain many pairs of tubulin in a spiral pattern. Conduits for organelles

Intermediate filaments

Composed of any of several tupes of proteins. Take the form of dimers. Resist tension. Form a strong inner scaffolding of keratine

Centrosome

Structure in the cytoplasm near the nucleous. Contains two centrioles

Microvilli

Tiny extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area for better absorption of substances

Progenitor Cell

daughter cell of a stem cell whose own daughter cells are resrictred to follow specific lineages

Totipotent

Ability of a cell to differeniate into any type of cell, only a fertilized ovum is totipotent

Pluripotent

Cells able to differentiate to yield several specialzed cell types

What are the four major tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Tight Junction

The membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse

Desmosomes

Bind cells by forming welds between cell membranes

Gap junctions

Form tubular channels between cells that allow exchange of substances

Where is nervous tissue found?

nervous system

Kinds of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

characteristics of skeletal muscle

striated, nuclei on sides of cell, long cell, voluntary, hypertrophy, in biceps

characteristics of smooth muscle

nuclei, short cell, involuntary, hyperplasia, in visceral organs