honors biology chapter 3

what is a lipid be honest

organic compounds

substance that contains covalently-bonded carbon and hydrogen and often with other elements

isomers

molecules with the same components but different structures (same cunt different slay)

hydrocarbons

organic compound consisting of (you guessed it) hydrogen and carbon

double bond

when two pairs of electrons are shared covalently (two little lines)

triple bond

when three pairs of electrons are shared covalently (three little lines)

functional groups

an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

hydrophilic

loves water!

hydrophobic

does not like water.

hydroxyl group

-OH

carbonyl group

-C=O

amino group

NH2

phosphate group

-O-P=O-OH2

methyl group

-CH3

sulfhydryl (thiol) group

-SH

testosterone

lipid that is male sex hormone (MAN JUICE)

macromolecules

four main ones are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

polymers

many monomers; large substance built of macromolecules

monomers

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

dehydration synthesis

add H2O to put things together!

hydrolysis

takes H2O out to break things apart

enzymes

substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

Carbohydrates

organic compound; built of small, repeating units that form bonds with each other to make a larger molecule; only contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; 3 groups: starches, sugars, and fibers

monosaccharide

one sugar

disaccharide

two sugar

polysaccharide

many sugar

glucose

monosaccharide made via hydrolysis of starch; C6H12O6

fructose

monosaccharide with formula of C6H12O6 with different structure than glucose

galactose

glucose + lactose = __

maltose

glucose + glucose + dehydration reaction = __

sucrose

monosaccharides glucose + fructose = disaccharide __

lactose

monosaccharides galactose + glucose = disaccharide __

high-fructose corn syrup

corn syrup but starch is broken down into glucose via enzymes + that glucose is turned into fructose so there is SO MUCH FRUCTOSE

starch

polysaccharide that stores plant energy

cellulose

polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

glycogen

polysaccharide that stores animal energy

chitin

polysaccharide - bug's exoskeleton are made of these

lipids

organic compounds that have a collective characteristic of being hydrophobic

fat

subgroup of lipids that can also be called triglyceride

unsaturated fatty acid

kinky fatty acid with at least one or more double bond - good for you (with the exception of trans fats) - liquid at room temperature

saturated fatty acid

not kinky fatty acid with no double bonds or functional groups - bad for you - solid at room temperature

trans fats

unsaturated fats with trans bonds instead of cis bonds - while

glycerol

sugar - head of lipids - when you attach fatty acid tails to it, it becomes a triglyceride

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group - attaches to glycerol to form triglyceride (fat)

triglyceride

glycerol + three fatty acid tails - also known as fat

atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries caused by fatty acids and cholesterol plaques

heart disease

too much cholesterol and fatty acids in your system so you crust up like ice and die i hate this class

phospholipids

lipid + phosphate - hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails - makes up cell membrane

hydrophilic heads

phospholipid heads that like water

hydrophobic tails

phospholipid tails that hate water

steroids

lipids with certain chemical structures that act as messengers of genetic information in the body

cholesterol

steroid that maintains fluidity in the cell and helps regulate cell function

anabolic steroids

basically manmade testosterone - made through anabolism

anabolism

synthesis of simple molecules to complex ones - constructive metabolism

catabolism

breaking down of complex molecules to simple ones - destructive metabolism

metabolism

chemical reactions that take place within cells in order to break down food into energy

four main classes of organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids (slay), proteins, and nucleic acid

protein

organic compound who's monomers are amino acids

globular

rounder protein structure, consisting of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

fibrous

fiber proteins - more structural role

hemoglobin

protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs

collagen

fibrous, structural protein that is 30% of body mass

denature

to modify and destroy secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a molecule by breaking weak hydrogen bonds

parkinson's disease

a degenerative, progressive disorder that affects nerve cells, causing tremors and loss of body control

amino acids

building block molecule for proteins!

r group

also called side chain - 20 of them - many different properties (p-np, charged/uncharged, hydrophilic/phobic, etc.)

peptide bond

a covalent bond formed between two amino acids

polypeptide

continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

primary structure

structure and pattern of amino acids in polypeptide chain

secondary structure

how the polypeptide chain coils and folds - alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets

tertiary structure

3D shape of protein - globular or fibrous

quaternary structure

how protein subunits link to each other - multiple polypeptide chains

polypeptide backbone interactions

atoms common to every amino acid without r group - hydrophilic - hydrogen bonds with polar amino acids

hydrogen bonds

electrostatic bond between hydrogen (postive charge) with another substance with negative affinity

beta pleated sheet

secondary protein structure that folds sharply in a zig-zag pattern

alpha helix

secondary protein structure that coils

disulfide bridge

bonds created between two sulfhydryl groups and cysteine

hydrophobic r groups

long side chain consisting of hydrogen and carbon

ionic bonds

bonds where atoms give and/or take electrons to reach electrostatic equilibrium

hydrophilic r groups

polar side chains that can form hydrogen bonds with water

subunits

polypeptide chain or single protein molecule that assembles with others to form a protein complex

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid - stores and transfers genetic information

gene

segments of DNA containing genetic characteristics

nucleic acid

organic compound essential to all forms of life; defines what they are

RNA

ribonucleic acid - single stranded - messenger of genetic data

transcription

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA

translation

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA

nucleotide

building block of nucleic acids - consists of phosphate group, pentose, and nitrogenous base

nitrogenous base

also called nucleobase, integral part of nucleotide - there are five of them, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

double helix

dna shape dawg idk

base pairing rules

adenine goes with thymine, cytosine goes with guanine (in rna swap thymine for uracil)

complementary

the relationship between inverse nucleotides (a + t, c + g, etc.)

lactose intolerant

does not have enzyme lactase to break down lactose (weakest of our society)