ch 8 social processes atittudes and behavior

social action

actions and behaviors that individuals are performing or modulating due to the presence of others

social facilitation

people naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched

yerkes dodson law of social facilitation

the presence of others raises arousal and enhances ability to perform tasks one is already good at, hinders performance of less familiar tasks

simple tasks

yerkes dodson tasks one is already good at

complex tasks

yerkes dodson less familiar tasks

yerkes dodson curve for simple tasks

sigmoidal

yerkes dodson curve for complex tasks

bell shaped

deindividuation

mob mentality, loss of self awareness in group setting and adoption of group identity

antinormative behavior

socially unacceptable behavior typically resulting from deindividuation

bystander effect

individual do not intervene to assist others when people are present

social loafing

reduction of individual effort in group setting

identity shift effect

conformity to and adoption of group norms due to peer pressure or threat of social rejection

conformity experiment

solomon asch

social interaction

how two or more individuals shape each other’s behaviors

group polarization

groups collaboratively make extreme decisions

groupthink

desire for group harmony results in poor decisions

fad

behavior transiently viewed as popular and desirable by large community

mass hysteria

shared intense concern about threats to society

multiculturalism

communities containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups

subcultures

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture which they belong

counterculture

subculture that is at odds with majority culture and prevailing social mores

cultural transmission

cultural norms passed down from one generation to another within a culture

cultural diffusion

spread of cultural norms from one culture to another

primary socialization

initial learning of acceptable actions and attitudes in society through observation of caregivers and other adults

secondary socialization

learning appropriate behavior of society from outside the home in adolescents and adults

anticipatory socialization

preparation for future changes in social norms

resocialization

discarding of old behaviors in favor of new ones

norms

societal rules defining acceptable behavior

mores

norms tied to moral codes

sanctions

penalties for misconduct or rewards

formal sanctions

enforced by formal social institutions

informal sanctions

enforced by social groups

folkways

behavioral norms considered polite in particular social interactions

agents of socialization

any part of society important when learning social norms and values

popular culture

common trends and beliefs

deviance

violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

social stigma

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person based onperceived differences from the rest of society

labeling theory

labels affect both how others respond to that person and the person’s self image

role engulfment

role implied by a label taking over a person’s identity

differential association theory

deviance can be learned through interactions with others

strain theory

deviance is a natural reaction to the disconnect between goals and social structure

functional theory

deviance provides a clear perception of social norms and is necessary for social order and/or social change

conformity

matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group or societal norms with or without request

types of conformityis

internalization and identification

internalization

conformity where one agrees with ideas of the group, unconscious

identification

conformity where one pretends to agree with ideas of group, conscious

compliance

change in behavior based on direct request

obedience

change in behavior based on direct order or expectation from authority

attitude

feeling toward a person, place, thing, or scenario developed from experiences with others

primary components of attitude

affective, behavioral, cognitive

affective component of attitude

refers to the way a person feels toward something

behavioral component of attitude

how a person acts with respect to something

cognitive component of attitude

how an individual thinks about something, justifies affective and behavioral

functional attitudes theory

attitudes serve four functions: utilitarian/adaptive, knowledge, ego-expressive, ego-defensive

knowledge function

attitudes provide organization to thoughts and experiences, can help predict others’ behavior

ego expressive

attitudes allow us to communicate and solidify our self-identity

adaptive

attitudes that will lead to social acceptance

ego-defensive

attitudes that protect self-esteem or justify personal wrongdoing

learning theory

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

elaboration likelihood model

change or formation of attitudes may occur through central route or peripheral route processing

central route processing

elaboration likelihood model change or formation of attitudes based on facts, logic, data

peripheral route processing

elaboration likelihood model change or formation of attitudes based on appearances, credibility, slogans

social cognitive theory

bandura how environment influences behavior/attitudes and how we interact with that environment