Aerobic Respiration Review

Flashcards covering key concepts related to aerobic respiration, including equations, stages, and processes involved.

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water

What is the general equation for aerobic respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

List the four stages of aerobic respiration.

1. Glycolysis 2. Link reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

Where does the link reaction take place?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Membrane of cristae

Outline the stages of glycolysis.

1. Phosphorylation of glucose 2. Splitting of phosphorylated glucose 3. Oxidation of triose phosphate 4. Production of ATP

Describe the phosphorylation stage of glycolysis.

Glucose is phosphorylated through the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules into 2 molecules of ADP.

describe the stage of splitting phosphorylated glucose molecules

Each glucose molecule is split into two molecules of triose phosphate.

describe the stage of the oxidation of triose phosphate

2 hydrogen molecules are removed from 2 triose phosphate molecules, this is used to reduce 1 NAD to form 1 NADH.

describe the stage of ATP production

2 triose phosphate is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules, this process then regenerates 2 ATP from ADP.

how does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix?

via active transport

What happens during the link reaction?

Pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide molecule and 2 hydrogen molecules. These hydrogens reduce NAD to form NADH, and acetate combines with coenzyme A.

What is the overall equation for the link reaction?

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA --> Acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

Molecule loses 2 hydrogen to reduce NAD to NADH, and 1 carbon dioxide is lost.

What are the products per glucose molecule in the Krebs cycle?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2.

What is the electron transfer chain?

A series of electron transfer proteins embedded in the membranes of the cristae that produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis.

What happens in the electron transfer chain?

Electrons undergo redox reactions along electron transfer proteins, and energy causes active transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space.

How is ATP produced during oxidative phosphorylation?

Protons diffuse through ATP synthase channel proteins, causing changes in enzyme shape which catalyze ATP production.

What occurs at the end of the electron transfer chain?

Electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form water; oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Name two benefits of an electron transfer chain instead of a single reaction.

1. Energy is released gradually 2. Less energy is released as heat.

Name two alternative respiratory substrates.

Amino acids from proteins; glycerol and fatty acids from lipids.

How can lipids act as a respiratory substrate?

Fatty acids are broken down into 2 carbon fragments converted into acetyl coenzyme A, entering the Krebs cycle.

How can proteins act as a respiratory substrate?

Their amino groups are removed (deamination), producing 3C compounds converted into pyruvate.

Name the stages producing ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

1. Glycolysis (anaerobic) 2. Krebs cycle (aerobic) .

What happens in anaerobic respiration?

Pyruvate is reduced to form ethanol in animals and lactate in humans, by gaining a hydrogen from NADH.