Anatomy and physiology chap 2

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Chemistry

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Biology

Anatomy

12th

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118 Terms

Chemistry

The science of change: structure of atoms, basic chemical building blocks, atoms combine to form increasingly complex structures

Matter

Made up of atoms; atoms join together to form chemicals with different characteristics; chemical characteristics determine physiology at the molecular and cellular levels

Atoms

Building blocks of matter

Subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

Proton

Positive charge, 1 mass unit

Neutron

Neutral, 1 mass unit

Electron

Negative charge, low mass

Atomic structure

atomic number, nucleus, electron cloud

Atomic number

Number of protons

Nucleus

Contains protons and neutrons

Electron cloud

Contains electrons

Hydrogen-1

A typical hydrogen nucleus contains a proton and no neutrons, mass number:1

<p>A typical hydrogen nucleus contains a proton and no neutrons, mass number:1</p>

Hydrogen-2, deuterium

Nucleus contains a proton and a neutron, mass number: 2

<p>Nucleus contains a proton and a neutron, mass number: 2</p>

Hydrogen-3, tritium

Nucleus contains a proton and two neutrons, mass number: 2

<p>Nucleus contains a proton and two neutrons, mass number: 2</p>

Oxygen, O (65)

A component of water and other compounds; gaseous form is essential for respiration

Carbon, C (18.6)

Found in all organic molecules

Hydrogen, H (9.7)

A component of water and most other compounds in the body

Nitrogen, N (3.2)

Found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds

Calcium, Ca (1.8)

Found in bones and teeth; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

Elements

Determined by atomic number of an atom; most basic chemicals

Isotopes

Specific version of an element based on its mass number

Mass number

Number of proton plus the number of neutrons

Why only are the number of neutrons different?

Because the number of protons determines the elements

Atomic weight

Exact mass of all particles; measured in moles; average of the mass numbers of the isotopes

Electrons in the electron cloud

Determine the reactivity of an atom

Electron cloud

Contains shells, or energy levels, that hold a maximum number of electrons

Valence shell

Outermost shell that determines bonding

Chemical bonds

Involve the sharing, gaining, and losing of electrons in the valence shell; form molecules and/or compounds

Three types of chemical bonds

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

Ionic bonds

Attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor) then draws the two ions together

Covalent bonds

Strong electron bonds involving shared electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions; bonds between adjacent molecules, not atoms, slightly positive and negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another

Molecules

Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

Compounds

Two or more atoms OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS joined by strong or weak bonds

Explain: H2= Molecule only, H2O= molecule and compound

Compounds are all molecules, but not all molecules are compounds

Electron donor

Loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation, with a positive charge

Electron acceptor

Gains those same electrons from the donor and becomes an anion, with a negative charge

Ion

A subscript plus or minus sign following the symbol of an element

Single covalent bond

Sharing one pair of electrons

<p>Sharing one pair of electrons</p>

Double covalent bond

Sharing two pairs of electrons

<p>Sharing two pairs of electrons</p>

Triple covalent bond

Sharing three pairs of electrons

<p>Sharing three pairs of electrons</p>

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons

<p>Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons</p>

Polar covalent bonds

Involve unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons; ex: water

<p>Involve unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons; ex: water</p>

Hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules causes

Surface tension

Chemical reaction

Either new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken; reactants, products, metabolism; in cells, cannot start without help

Reactants

Materials going into a reaction

Products

Materials coming out of a reaction

Metabolism

All of the reactions that are occurring at one time

Energy

Power to do work