APUSH chapter 1 &2 ID quiz

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus was an italian explorer who convinced Genoese investors in Seville; influential courtiers; and, finally, Ferdinand and Isabella to believe in his theory that the Atlantic Ocean was just a narrow channel of water separating Europe from Asia and to finance his journey to Asia. In August of 1492, unknowingly, landed in the Bahama's which he thought was Asia, "the Indie's" and called the island the Indie's and the natives West Indies. He then claimed the land for Spain and then explored the neighboring Caribbean islands demanding tribute to the natives along the way. Through his discovery, he introduced the America's to Europe which lead to major transfers of both worlds.

Hernán Cortés

A Spanish conquistador who lead an army of 600 men to the Yucatán Peninsula gathering alies who hated being under the Aztecs and marched to the capital Tenochtitlán and challenged the ruler Moctezuma. Moctezuma welcomed Cortes with great ceremony and Cortes took advantage of this and captured the emperor and took over the city. Disease also helped Cortes.

Moctezuma

The great rich emperor of the mighty Aztec empire who welcomed Cortes into Tenochtitlan, the capital. Cortes wanted to have good relations with Cortes and the Spanish but the Spanish took advantage of this and kidnapped Moctezuma and took over the empire with the help of Aztec enemies and European disease wipping out the population in the capital.

encomienda

System where a grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the sixteenth century by the Spanish kings to prominent men. These men extracted tribute from these Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction. This system was very unfair as the natives were forced to work in horrible conditions leading to much death, the natives were forced into Christianity not by their own choice, and many times the promise of protection was not met.

Columbian Exchange

sharing of plants, animals, diseases, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres as a direct result of Columbus' arrival to the Americas in 1492. The Western hemisphere was introduced to things such as cattle, European Disease(which decimated the native population), and bananas. The Eastern hemisphere was introduced to things such as Corn, Tomatoes, and Avocados.

House of Burgesses

Was the system of representative government in the Virginia Colony. First convened in 1619, it could make laws and levy taxes, although the governor and the company council in England could veto its acts. Later on because of Opencanough, Powhatan's brother and successor, caused the Indian War of 1622 by launching a suprise attack that killed 347 English settlers. The English won but this lead James I to revoke the Virginia Company's charter and make the colony a Royal Colony.

royal colony

System of government that came after the House of Burguesses because of the Indian War of 1622 caused by Opencanough, powhatan's brother and successor, launching a surprise attack which killed many English settlers. Now the king and his ministers appointed the governor and a small advisory council, retaining the locally elected House of Burgesses but stipulating that the king's Privy Council (a committee of political advisors) must ratify all legislation.

indentured servitude

contracts bound the men — and the quarter who were women — to work for a master for four or five years, after which they would be free to marry and work for themselves. Conditions were horrible as to maximize their gains, many masters ruthlessly exploited servants, forcing them to work long hours, beating them without cause, and withholding permission to marry. Few indentured servants were actually able to escape poverty.

Pilgrims

They were religious separatists — Puritans who had left the Church of England. Facing persecution, some Puritans chose to live among Dutch Calvinists in Holland, but 35 of these exiles resolved to maintain their English identity by moving to America. The Pilgrims with some other migrants from England to the Americas and established Plymouth. At the beginning there was much death but Plmouth thrived with established rules, self-representative government, and freedom of religion.

Puritans

Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England but hoped to purify it of its ceremony and hierarchy. Were powerful in the English Parliment but they accused King Charles I of holding Catholic beliefs. The king dissolved the parliment and puritans were starting to get massacred so many went to America. They set up the Massachusetts Bay and Rhode Island colonies. They completely reformed how church was done such as no bishops and believing in predestination. Puritans back in England successfully gained power through a religious civil war, but after the monarchy was restored under Charles II, American Puritans aimed to build a godly society in the New World.

joint-stock corporation

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment. The Massachusetts Bay colony, led by John Winthrop, was a joint-stock corporation.

John Winthrop

a well-educated country squire who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop and his associates governed the colony from Boston and were able to transform their joint-stock corporation into a representative political system with a governor, council, and assembly. They established Puritanism as the state-sponsored religion and used the Bible as a legal guide.

Roger Williams

A puritan pastor in Salem who opposed the decision to establish an official religion and advocated for religious toleration and also questioned the Puritans' seizure of Indian lands. Banished, he and 50 followers settled South of Boston and founded the town of Providence with land bought from natives. s. Other religious dissidents settled nearby at Portsmouth and Newport. In 1644, these settlers obtained a corporate charter from Parliament for a new colony, Rhode Island with full authority to rule themselves and religious toleration.

Metacom

Metacom, also known as King Philip, was the Wampanoag leader who sought to expel English colonists from New England due to increasing tensions and trade restrictions. He formed a military alliance with the Narragansetts and Nipmucks to attack white settlements during King Philip's War (1675-1676), which resulted in significant destruction and loss of life on both sides. Ultimately, he was killed, and his efforts led to the displacement of many Native Americans, effectively ending their existence as independent peoples in southern New England.