Ultimate AP World Set, Updated Unit 7

Ayllu

Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples.

Bedouin

A group of nomads from the Arabian peninsula desert.

Bhakti

Hindu movement, "Spiritual devotion"

Movement in the 12th century that caused Hindus to draw upon emotion and attachment to a single deity.

Bodhisattva

Enlightened beings aiding others to achieve Nirvana (Mahayana)

Enlightened beings who have put off Nirvana/paradise to aid others in attaining Nirvana

Caliphate

The land a caliph rulers over

Theocratic state comprising of the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion after the death of Muhammad

Chinampas

Aztec floating gardens

Floating gardens on Lake Texcoco (Aztec) due to non-arable land

Dar al-Islam

The Islamic regions/caliphates combined. Means "House of Islam" in Arabic

Dhimmi

Protected peoples; 'People of the Book'.

Monotheistic believers of Abrahamic faith (Christians, Jews) that were protected from enslavement.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Feudalism

Decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty

Fief

Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Filial Piety

The Confucian belief of the duty children had to their elders/parents

Gentry

Prosperous, educated, and privileged rural families who ran the regional governments and were exempt from taxes/military/labor services

Wealthy bureaucrats/nobles in Han-Song dynasty China

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

Jizya

Tax levied on non-Muslims under Islamic rule

Tax put on non-Muslims under Islamic caliphates

Junk

A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Song dynasty, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Madrasas

Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.

Magna Carta

Document of political rights and privileges signed by King Jon in 1215

Document of political rights/privilege of nobles signed by King John in 1215

Mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

Living in a religious community (Monastery) apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)

Neo-Confucianism

New approach to Confucianism incorporating Buddhist and Daoist thought that became the ruling ideology of Song China (Song)

Confucian + Daoist + Buddhist thought (Song)

Papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Office/term of the Pope

Samurai

Private army/effective troops of Japan

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Schism (of 1054)

Split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Split between Roman Catholics and Orthodox

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but bound to the land and were not allowed to leave.

Serfs work on their lord's land in return for protection but cannot leave without permission

Shari'a

Islamic law

Shogunate

The Japanese system of government under a shogun (military dictator), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead.

Stupa

Dome shaped structures for Buddhist relics with cones at the top.

Sufism

Emphasized introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning

Emphasized getting in touch with your emotions to grasp abstract truths

Sultan

Muslim ruler (Particularly of the Ottoman Empire)

'Ulema

Conservative Islamic religious scholars

Religious advisors

'Umma

Universal community of Muslims (How religion can unite and dissolve old kinship plans that encourage separation)

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against traditional kinship rather than faith-determined membership in a community.

Vassal

A person who owed service to another person of high service

Astrolobe

Islamic + European tool used by sailors to determine their location using the positions of celestial bodies.

Bills of Exchange

A written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note.

Document stating that the holder was legally promised payment of a set date and amount and receive that amount in exchange.

Caravans

Groups of merchants/pilgrims who banded together to travel long distances for mutual protection

Groups of merchants/pilgrims who banded together to travel long distances (usually in deserts) to facilitate trade and give protection against bandits while transporting goods.

Caravanserai

Inns for travellers

Roadside inn where travelers could rest their animals and themselves.

Coinage

Using pieces of precious metal as mediums of exchange

Process of creating and issuing coins as a form of currency

Compass

Chinese navigational instrument that shows direction relative to geographical cardinal directions

Navigational instrument used by sailors and traders

Dhows

Trade ship developed in India or China that had long, thin hulls that made them good for trade but bad for warfare

Traditional sailing vessels used by Arab or Indian merchants

Entrepots

Warehouses along trade routes

Trading post/port/city/warehouse where merchandise could be stored, traded, or imported before re-export

Guilds

Association of men of one profession or trade who banded together to promote their economic and political interests

Association of men of one profession or trade

Hanseatic League

Alliance between cities in N. Germany and Scandanavia for. commercial purposes

Commercial alliance between cities in N. Germany and Scandanavia.

Keel

Central structure beam running along the bottom of the ship, providing stability and prevents ship from twisting or collapsing

Main structural component to a ship, that provides stability and strength to frame.

Lanteen Sails

Arab/Meditteranean triangular sails mounted on a long yard angle to the mast. Helped ships to sail more efficiently against wind.

Triangular sails that helped ships move faster to sail more efficiently against wind.

Monsoons

Alternating winds that blow over S. Asia on a regular basis

Seasonal wind patterns in the Indian Ocean that cause wet and dry seasons

Noria/Sakia

A device for raising water from a stream or river, consisting of a chain of pots or buckets revolving around a wheel driven by the water current.

Water Wheel

Noria: Water wheel used for raising water from a river so that it could flow by gravity via aqueduct to villages and cultivate land for irrigation

Sakia: Mechanical water lifting device which uses buckets/jars/scoops fastened either directly to a vertical wheel or to an endless belt activated by a wheel

Rudder

Steering mechanism used on ships

Shaduf

Hand-operated irrigation tool consisting of one long pole balanced on a pivot with a bucket at the end and a counterweight at the other, used to lift water from a river or canal to irrigate crops

Hand operated device for lifting water

Margery Kempe

Wrote Book of Margery Kempe (1430s)

Yongle (1403-1424)

Third Ming Emperor, sponsored forbidden city build, Zheng He's voyages, and reopening China's borders for trade/travel

Third Ming Emperor, opened trade/travel borders and supported exploration. Liked Mongol government forms.

Mikhail Romanov (1613-1465)

First Romanov czar, ended "Time of Troubles" (Russia ruler succession crisis). Romanov dynasty ends in 1917

First Romanov czar and ended Russian ruler succession crisis. Dynasty ends in 1917

Kangxi (1661-1722)

Qing emperor. Promoted Confucian ideas/policies and expanded Qing empire (Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Asia-Tibet); Intellectual prodigy

Qing emperor, liked Confucian ideas/policies, expanded Qing )Taiwan, Mongolia, some Asia-Tibet); Intellectual prodigy, political/economic prosperity

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman Sultan during "Golden Age", reformed legal system ("Lawgiver").

Expanded empire in Balkans and Mediterranean

Akbar the Great

Mughal king known for religious tolerance; his policies eased Muslim/Hindu tensions. Grandson of Babur who created strong, central government

Mughal king, religious tolerance, strong central govt, conquered Gujarat, Bengal, and some southern India, promo Sikh

Made Divine Faith religion

Shogun Hideyoshi

Invaded the Asian mainland and brutalized Korea and China for raw resources

Invaded Korea and China with 160,000 men for resources

Sultan Mehmed II (The conquerer)

Ottoman Sultan. Attacked and conquered Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire. Became major naval power and fought with Venice. Forced Venice to pay tribute to Ottomans

Ottoman Sultan, conquered Constantinople (ending Byzantine), major naval power, forced Venice to pay tribute

Shah Abbas I (The Great)

Took throne (1587), helped create Safavid culture, took Safavid Empire into Golden Age

Safavid Shah in 1587, ruled Safavid Golden Age

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established Tokugawa shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years. Last shogunate

Created Tokugawa shogunate, third and last shogunate.

Zheng He

Imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took junks to Indian Ocean (from SE Asia to Africa)

Eunuch and Muslim sponsored by Ming emperor Yongle with voyages taking junks to Indian Ocean from SE Asia to Africa

Ivan III (The Great)

Prince of Duchy of Moscow, responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols, took title of czar (derived from 'Caesar')

Prince of Duchy of Moscow, freed Russia from Mongols, first to use title of czar, married niece of last Byzantine emperor, organized a new central govt and army

Hongwu

First Ming emperor (1368); originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang, drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

First Ming emperor (1368), peasant origins, og name Zhu Yuangzhang, overthrew and tried erasing Mongol stuff, restored scholar-gentry

Shah Jahan

Mughal, built Taj Mahal, Aurangzeb's father, empire weakened by corrupt government, bankruptcy via building projects, failure to keep up with innovation

Mughal, built Taj Mahal, Aurangzeb's father, bankrupted Mughal, corrupt government, failure to keep up with tech

Ismail Safavil

Founded Safavid Empire and declared himself shah at 16, Shia

Founded Safavid Empire (Iran) and declared himself Shah at 16, Shia

Selim I

Consolidated control over Mesopotamia and conquered Egypt and Syria from collapsing.

Mamluk Empire conquered by him

Babur

Founder of Mughal Empire in India, descended from Mongols, 1526 invaded India from C. Asia and defeated Delhi Sultanate, continued Islamic rule of India

Nizam al-Mulk

Powerful vizier who decentralized and weakened Mughal Empire

Vizier, decentralized and weakened Mughal

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

Tsarist autocrat

Reduced power of Boyars, increased Tsarist autocracy, continued western expansion, killed son/heir

Askeri

Ottoman upper class who served in the military and bureaucracy and were exempt from taxes

Ottoman aristocracy, served in military/bureaucracy, not taxed

Boyars

Russian nobles

Capitulations

Long term trade agreements

Long term trade agreements with European powers. Gave European bankers/merchants unfair advantages in Ottoman; led European domination of trade. Europeans in Ottoman immune from Turkish law

Cossacks

People from steppes between Moscovy and the Caucasus

Russian cowboys, peasants recruited to migrate/seize land in the east, combined agriculture with military conquests, spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements in Siberia

Dalai Lama

Spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism

Devshirme

System

Christian boys age 8-20 forcibly recruited to serve as janissaries, administrators, tax collectors, scribes, and diplomats

Christian boys age 8-20 forcibly recruited to be janissaries, administrators, tax collectors, scribes, and diplomats

Janissaries

Ottoman, elite force of Christian boys, converted to Islam, not allowed to marry, trained year-round, abolished in 1826

Ottoman elite infantry of Christian boys converted to Islam, can't marry, trained 24/7, abolished 1826

Mansab

Grants of land and a portion of tax revenue from lands given to high ranking military officers and government officials in return for service

Land for loyalty/service, Mughal

Mausolea

Large and stately building housing a tomb

A building, especially a large and stately one, housing a tomb or tombs. Taj Mahal

Sati

Hindu practice of burning a widow on her husband's funeral pyre; outlawed in 1829 (Aurangzeb) but still occurred

Hindu practice of burning a widow on husband's funeral pyre, outlawed 1829 (Aurangzeb)

Shah

Persian/Iranian equivalent of "king/emperor" Shia Muslim

Persian/Iranian (Shia) word for king

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion found in Northern India in 16th century by Guru Nanak and combines elements of Hinduism and Islam

Hindu + Islam = Sikh, 15th century under Mughal religious tolerance

Syncretic

Combining cultures/languages/belief systems to make new cultures/language/beliefs

Blending of two cultural systems

Timar

Ottoman land grant in exchange for service/loyalty

Ottoman land grants. Revenues produced by land acted as compensation for military service

Tax farming

Ottoman right to collect local or regional taxes.

A privileged individual that collects taxes, permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over the set amount, led to corruption

Viziers

Chief administrators

High government official/advisor in Ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

Zamindar

India, land owning aristocrat, received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government. Corrupt- skimmed off of the top

Aristocrat who receives Mansabs and ruled their holdings and peasants by tax farming, running a local court to resolve disputes, maintaining a military, and building infrastructure

Landowners in Mughal Empire who held significant power and authority over land revenue collection and administation

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

Mughal, Jahan's son, reversed Akbar policy of tolerance, sought to get rid of Hinduism, put S. Asia under Muslim rule. Constant wars of expansion against Hindu kingdoms

Mughal, hate Hindus, reversed Akbar religious tolerance, get rid of Hinduism, 24/7 wars of expansion, forbade Sati, sharia law back, jizya back, forbade entertainment. Bankrupted Mughal, constant peasant revolts (high taxes) and by Rajput Hindus. Increasing instability allowed Brits/French more economic power.

Guru Nanak

Founder of Sikhism in Punjab region of India. Late 15th century

Sikh founder Punjab region late 15th century under Akbar the Great reign

Sunni Ali (1464-1493)

From the trade city Gao, led a campaign to conquer his neighbors and consolidate his Empire, conquered Timbuktu and Jenne from last Mali leaders, used wealth to dominate Central Niger Valley

From Gao, conquered Timbuktu and Jenne from Mali leaders, used wealth to dominate Central Niger Valley

Abolition

The movement to end slavery

Capitalism

Economic system in which the means of production such as factories and resources are privately owned and are operated for profit.

No govt. interference in business practices/affairs.

Economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by the state.

Caudillos

Local leaders with regional power bases, Latin American revolution.

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force, sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule. Typical in newly independent countries in Latin America (Dictator).

Conservatism

Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.

No change, keep govt, keep religion.

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing and crafts done in homes.

Method of production in which tasks are done by people in their rural homes/home factories

Deism

Enlightenment era belief that God made world and set natural laws, then sat back and observes- Doesn't interfere in the world he made (watchmaker analogy).

Enlightenment belief that there is a god but chills and observes.

Diet

Assembly or a legislature (associated) with the HRE (Holy Roman Empire)

Japanese parliament, couldn't control govt just advise it.

Duma (1905)

Russian Parliament/National Assembly

1905 Assembly that decreased Tsar Nicholas II's power

Gold Standard

Monetary system where a country's currency or paper money has a value linked to gold.

Money value link gold

Kulaks

Russian wealthy peasants

Upper lower class/rich farmers, Russia

Labor Unions

Organized group of workers formed to protect their rights and interests.

Groups of workers for better rights.

Laissez-Faire

Policy that the government should not interfere in the market.

No govt. in the economy.