CDEP (History D1)

Art

Aesthetically pleasing & meaningful arrangement of Elements.

Architecture

Science of designing & constructing buildings or other structures

Decorative Arts

Any of the arts pertaining to or referring to the following: painting, sculpture, glass, and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy and plants.

Approaches to Historical Style Analysis

1) Practical

2) Historical

3) Aesthetics

Factors of Historical Development

1) Rational, Technological and Constructional

2) Social and Religious

3) Economic, Cultural and Political

4) Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age. Longest phase in human history

Mousterian

Paleolithic Sub Period : Use of pigments for body ornaments

Aurignacian

Paleolithic Sub Period: Cave paintings

Magdalenian

Paleolithic Sub Period: Hunter gatherers; engraving animals on bone

Shaman

Magical spiritual leader (Trois Freres) or the sorcerer

Venus of Willendorf

This Old Stone Age statuette exhibits exaggerated female features. 41/2 tall made of limestone.

Hall of Running Bulls

Cave paintings from Lascaux France; believed to express the power of animals.

Mesolithic Age

The middle period of the Stone Age, beginnings of settled communities and farming.

Mesolithic Pottery

Pottery usually molded by hand or coiled.

Neolithic Age

New Stone Age. Men first developed agriculture.

Neolithic Pottery

Pottery made by kilning; mostly painted and decorated.

Beehive Hut / Tholos

False dome created by corbelling

Corbelling Technique

a technique whereby bricks or stones are placed overlapping each other. This allows for each stone to act as a counterweight for the ones around it.

Trullo

Conical stone-roofted building. Dry wall rough stone shelter w/ corbelled roof.

Megalith

A large stone used to construct structure or monument alone or with other stones

Menhir

A large single upright standing stone.

Dolmen

Two or more vertical stones that support a table. Used for burial

Orthostat

Upright slab of a larger structure

Chromlech

Group of menhir group together to form a circle or semi circle

Stone Row

Linear arrangement of upright parallel standing stones

Taula

Straight standing stone topped with another forming a "T" shape

Trilithon

Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone called lintel placed on top.

Bronze Age

A period of human culture that used copper & tin, semi-precious stones & advance pottery.

Mesopotamian Civilization

Cradle of civilization. Modern day Iraq. Located at the middle of Tigris and Euphrates River

Anu

Male god (Bull) in Mesopotamian Civilization

Inana

Female God in Mesopotamian Civilization

Sumerian

Founders of Mesopotamian Civilization

Glyptic Art

Sunken or depressed engraving

Cameo

Carving in low relief on a stone. Type of carving created by removing materials.

City of Uruk

First major city of Iraq (Mesopotamia)

Cuneiform

Earliest systems of writing. "Cunneus" meaning wedge.

Tell Asmar Figures

12 human effigy statues. Stand-in figures.

Cylinder Seals

Often made of Lapis Lazuli. Used to impress official seals.

Standard of Ur

Divided into 3 levels; one side shows peace & the other shows war. Inlaid with mosaic shell, red limestone, & lapis lazuli

Ram & Tree

Offering stand from Ur. Made of wood, gold, copper, shell, limestone, & lapis lazuli

Ziggurat

Sumerian Temple that has 6-7 storeys. Made of tiered rectangular layers.

Akkadian

First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves king. Semitic speaking Mesopotamian people.

Sargon I

First ruler of Akkadian

Sargon of Akkad

Bronze head of Akkadian ruler

Stele of Naram-Sin

The victory stele. It is an upright stone slab, 6ft height, carved in pink limestone.

Neo-Sumerian

Constructed one of the largest ziggurats in Mesopotamia at Ur.

Babylonian

Chaldean period. City of Nebuchadnezzar

Hammurabi

Babylon's greatest king

Code of Hammurabi

Made of black basalt; 300 statues written in Akkadian, 51 cuneiforms columns. Law code that has an allusion to the story of 10 commandments.

Neo-Babylonian

Founded by Nebuchadnezzar II. Builds the Ishtar Gate.

Tower of Babel

300ft tall ziggurat with a temple at the apex.

Ishtar Gate

Main entrance to the city. Made of blue enameled tiles of lapis lazuli with lamassu figures carved in stones.

Assyrian

Place of Sargon II. Strong & relatively advanced nation & a primary center of Mesopotamian Civilization & Religion.

The royal lion hunt of Ashurbanipal

The supreme masterpieces of Assyrian art.

Lamassu

Human headed winged bull, placed in the entrance of the palace of Ishtar.

Achaemenid empire / persian empire

Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC, Also largest empire

Persepolis

The city of Persians built by Darius I. Also the modern day Iran.

Bull Capital

Impost blocks to the structure. Symbolism of fertility, power, & metaphor for the position of the king as head of state.

Apadana

Audience hall of Persepolis. Splendid relief on the eastern and northern stairs which consist of the representation of all nations in the empire.

Ibex

Type of goat sacred to the goddess.

Ancient Egyptian Period

Focus on permanence, stability, eternity, life after death. Gift of Nile river

Theocracy

King is god.

Heirogliphics

Writing with picture-symbols

Imhotep

First recorded architect who was later deified as the god of learning & medicine.

Hathor

Goddess of children; depicted as a cow, or as a women with cow's horn

Rosetta Stone

a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.

Law of Frontality

Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile; eyes, shoulders in front view.

Canonic Jars

Special containers used to store mummified body organs

Frescoes

Wall painting served the "Ka" w/ familiar scenes.

Sphinx

Mythical beast with a head of a man & the body of lion representing Kafre.

Sarcophagus

Funerary stone case which linen wrapped mummy was placed.

Malta as

Funerary temples for commoners. Later developed into step pyramids.

Necropolis

City of mastabas

Pyramids of Giza

Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure. Originally 480ft

Obelisks

Square shaft of stone w/ a pyramidal top called pyramid on, used as monument.

Parts of Egyptian temple

1) Pylon

2) *Peristyle

3) Hypostyle Hall

4) Sactuary

Types of Egyptian Column

1) Palmi Column

2) Lotus Cluster Column

3) Tent-pole Column

4) Hathor Column