bio ch 8- cellular energy

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things

Aerobic organism

An organism that requires oxygen.

aerobic respiration

cellular process of producing energy in the form of ATP and carbon dioxide from food (glucose) and oxygen; occurs in the mitochondria

Anabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

Anaerobic organism

An organism that does not require oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration

cellular process of metabolizing food(glucose) without oxygen to form energy(ATP) and lactic acid; also known as fermentation

Calvin cycle

Dark reactions, or light-independent reactions, of photosynthesis that use the ATP from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into sugar; occur in the chloroplasts

carbohydrate

any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body.

carbon dioxide transported in blood

*Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria and escapes the cell membrane through passive *diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the atmosphere *diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into

Catabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.

cellular metabolism

chemical activities of cells

cellular respiration

C6H1206-\>CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released). *Goal is to create ATP and occurs in all living things.

Chlorophyll

A pigment necessary for photosynthesis. *Absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria that produce molecular oxygen and use water as an electron-donating substrate in photosynthesis — called also blue-green alga.

energy

the capacity of a physical system to perform work

Fermentation

The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.

Krebs cycle

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.

metabolism

all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.

metabolism

The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life

Metabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.

NADP+

A coenzyme that occurs in many living cells and functions as an electron acceptor like NAD but reacts with different metabolites. Similar in structure to NAD but has an extra phosphate group.

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Glucose and Oxygen are produced

Photosynthesis

It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.

photosynthesis equation(very important)

6CO2 + 6H2O --\> light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

pigment

An organic compound that gives a characteristic color to plant or animal tissues and is involved in vital processes.

respiration

release of chemical energy from certain nutrients.

Respiration

The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.

rubisco

an enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in oxygenation of the resulting compound during photorespiration.

stroma

Connective tissue cells of any organ.

sunlight

main source of energy

thermodynamics

the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy.

thylakoid

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

thylakoids

Light reactions of photosynthesis take place here. They are arranged in stacks or grana. Flattened sacs inside a chloroplast

trophic level

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.