Unit 4- Lessons 1-3

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37 Terms

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Behaviorism

A psychological approach that focuses on the scientific study of observable behavior and posits that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment.

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Classical Conditioning

A learning process that forms an association between two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus, occurring after the association with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning and awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially produces no effect until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioning

The process of learning associations between stimuli and responses.

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Behaviorism's view on psychology

Behavior is the primary subject of psychology, rather than mental processes.

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Pavlov's Experiment with Dogs

An experiment where dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a buzzer after it was associated with being fed.

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Innate Response

A response that is natural and does not require prior learning.

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Poor Opinion of Psychology

Pavlov maintained that he was a physiologist studying brain reflexes rather than a psychologist.

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Acquisition

Initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.

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Contiguity

The conditioned stimulus (CS) needs to come half a second before the unconditioned stimulus (US) for acquisition to occur.

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Extinction

Occurs when the conditioned response decreases or disappears, happening when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.

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Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

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Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Little Albert Experiment

Watson's controversial classical conditioning experiment examining the effects of conditioning on fear response in humans.

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Taste Aversion

The avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food.

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Biological Preparedness

Some associations form more readily because they aid in survival.

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What happens during the extinction phase of conditioning?

The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears when the CS is no longer paired with the US.

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What is the importance of contiguity in acquisition?

The CS must precede the US by half a second for acquisition to occur.

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What was shown in Watson's Little Albert experiment about fear conditioning?

Fear can be conditioned in a child and generalized to similar stimuli.

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What is the outcome of repeated extinction/recovery cycles?

The conditioned response tends to become less intense with each recovery.

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What concept explains the easier formation of certain associations in survival scenarios?

Biological preparedness.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in behavior.

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Cognitive Map

A mental representation that allows an organism to acquire, store, and recall information about its environment.

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Insight Learning

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem, often described as a 'light bulb' moment.

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Learned Helplessness

A mental state where an organism feels unable to change the outcome of an aversive stimulus, leading to inaction.

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Martin Seligman

Psychologist known for investigating learned helplessness through his experiments on dogs with electrified floors.

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Observational Learning

Learning that occurs through watching others, retaining the information, and later replicating the observed behaviors.

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Bobo Doll Experiment

Study by Albert Bandura demonstrating that children imitate aggressive and violent behaviors observed in adults.

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Phobia

An irrational and overwhelming fear of a situation or object that is not genuinely dangerous.

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Classical Conditioning

A learning process where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that produces a response.

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Shaping

A technique in observational learning whereby behaviors are reinforced to gradually approach the desired behavior.