Biomolecules, Cells, Tissues, and Homeostasis

These flashcards cover key concepts related to biomolecules, cells, tissues, homeostasis, and physiological systems as outlined in the lecture notes.

What are the four major classes of biomolecules?

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

What is the building block of proteins?

Amino acid.

What is the function of lipids in the cell?

Serve as long-term energy molecules and structural components of membranes.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Serve as structural molecules and energy storage.

What is the structure and function relationship exemplified by mitochondria?

Cristae are specialized folds that increase surface area for mitochondrial respiration.

What are the levels of biological organization?

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level.

What are characteristics of life?

Energy production/consumption, growth/repair, adaptation, reproduction, and response.

What three components do all cells comprise?

Membrane, genetic material, and cytosolic fluid.

Name the four major categories of tissue.

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Protection/defense and regulation of body temperature.

What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright, feet together, eyes forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

What are the major body cavities?

Thoracic, cranial, spinal, pleural, pericardial, abdominal, pelvic.

What is the difference between anterior and posterior in relative position?

Anterior is toward the front; posterior is toward the back.

What are the three types of planes of section?

Transverse, coronal, and sagittal sections.

What is homeostasis?

Processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body.

How does negative feedback regulate temperature?

Stimulus causes a response that reverses the change to maintain normal body temperature.

What role does insulin play in blood glucose regulation?

Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells.

What is an example of a positive feedback control system in the body?

Childbirth or blood clotting.

What is the consequence of high fever in the context of feedback mechanisms?

It can lead to harmful positive feedback and potentially fatal outcomes.

What are the two types of fluid compartments in the body?

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

What are the mechanisms of fluid movement in the body?

Hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure.