PEOPLE/PLACES TO KNOW FOR FINAL

Charles “Turnip” Townshend

English landowner who introduced crop rotation to improve farming.

Jethro Tull

English inventor who created the seed drill to increase crop yields.

Robert Bakewell

Farmer who developed selective breeding to improve livestock.

James Watt

Inventor who improved the steam engine, powering factories and transportation.

Richard Arkwright

Inventor who built water-powered textile factories.

Samuel Slater

Industrialist who brought British textile technology to the United States.

Francis Lowell

Industrialist who built successful U.S. textile mills and factory systems.

Adam Smith

Economist who promoted capitalism and free-market ideas.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who criticized capitalism and supported socialism.

Unions

Worker organizations that fought for better wages and working conditions.

Luddites

Workers who destroyed machines to protest industrialization.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to India.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Aztec Empire

Mesoamerican civilization conquered by Spain.

Incan Empire

South American civilization conquered by Spain.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born colonists who held the highest positions in colonies.

Belgian Congo

African colony controlled by Belgium and exploited for resources.

Charlemagne

King and emperor who united much of Western Europe and promoted education.

Thomas Aquinas

Philosopher and theologian who combined Christian teachings with reason.

Muhammad

Founder of Islam and prophet who spread the religion across Arabia.

Caliphate

Islamic state led by a caliph, governing both religion and government.

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel and sculpted David.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist, inventor, and scientist; painted the Mona Lisa and studied anatomy.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish painter known for depicting everyday life and landscapes.

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press with movable type, making books more widely available.

Martin Luther

German monk who started Lutheranism and challenged the Catholic Church.

Johann Tetzel

Priest who sold indulgences, sparking criticism from Martin Luther.

Pope Leo X

Pope during Luther’s protest; excommunicated Martin Luther.

King Henry VIII

King of England who created the Church of England after splitting from the Catholic Church.

John Calvin

Protestant leader who founded Calvinism and promoted predestination.

Nicholas Copernicus

Astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system.

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer and physicist who supported heliocentrism and improved the telescope.

Francis Bacon

Philosopher who promoted the scientific method and experimentation.

Isaac Newton

Physicist and mathematician who developed laws of motion and gravity.

Safavid Empire

Persian empire known for Shia Islam, trade, and art.

Mughal Empire

Indian empire that promoted culture, architecture, and religious tolerance under rulers like Akbar.

Ottoman Empire

Powerful empire founded by Osman Bey; expanded under Mehmed II and Suleyman the Magnificent.

Malian Empire

West African empire known for wealth, trade (especially gold and salt), and Islamic scholarship.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of Mali famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and spreading Mali’s wealth and Islam.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for trade, exploration (like Zheng He), and building the Great Wall.