PEOPLE/PLACES TO KNOW FOR FINAL

Charles “Turnip” Townshend – English landowner who introduced crop rotation to improve farming.

Jethro Tull – English inventor who created the seed drill to increase crop yields.

Robert Bakewell – Farmer who developed selective breeding to improve livestock.

James Watt – Inventor who improved the steam engine, powering factories and transportation.

Richard Arkwright – Inventor who built water-powered textile factories.

Samuel Slater – Industrialist who brought British textile technology to the United States.

Francis Lowell – Industrialist who built successful U.S. textile mills and factory systems.

Adam Smith – Economist who promoted capitalism and free-market ideas.

Karl Marx – Philosopher who criticized capitalism and supported socialism.

Unions – Worker organizations that fought for better wages and working conditions.

Luddites – Workers who destroyed machines to protest industrialization.

Vasco da Gama – Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to India.

Hernán Cortés – Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Francisco Pizarro – Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire.

Aztec Empire – Mesoamerican civilization conquered by Spain.

Incan Empire – South American civilization conquered by Spain.

Peninsulares – Spanish-born colonists who held the highest positions in colonies.

Belgian Congo – African colony controlled by Belgium and exploited for resources.
Charlemagne – King and emperor who united much of Western Europe and promoted education.

Thomas Aquinas – Philosopher and theologian who combined Christian teachings with reason.

Muhammad – Founder of Islam and prophet who spread the religion across Arabia.

Caliphate – Islamic state led by a caliph, governing both religion and government.

Michelangelo – Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel and sculpted David.

Leonardo da Vinci – Renaissance artist, inventor, and scientist; painted the Mona Lisa and studied anatomy.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder – Flemish painter known for depicting everyday life and landscapes.

Johannes Gutenberg – Inventor of the printing press with movable type, making books more widely available.
Martin Luther – German monk who started Lutheranism and challenged the Catholic Church.

Johann Tetzel – Priest who sold indulgences, sparking criticism from Martin Luther.

Pope Leo X – Pope during Luther’s protest; excommunicated Martin Luther.

King Henry VIII – King of England who created the Church of England after splitting from the Catholic Church.

John Calvin – Protestant leader who founded Calvinism and promoted predestination.
Nicholas Copernicus – Astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system.

Galileo Galilei – Astronomer and physicist who supported heliocentrism and improved the telescope.

Francis Bacon – Philosopher who promoted the scientific method and experimentation.

Isaac Newton – Physicist and mathematician who developed laws of motion and gravity.
Safavid Empire – Persian empire known for Shia Islam, trade, and art.

Mughal Empire – Indian empire that promoted culture, architecture, and religious tolerance under rulers like Akbar.

Ottoman Empire – Powerful empire founded by Osman Bey; expanded under Mehmed II and Suleyman the Magnificent.

Malian Empire – West African empire known for wealth, trade (especially gold and salt), and Islamic scholarship.

Mansa Musa – Emperor of Mali famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and spreading Mali’s wealth and Islam.

Ming Dynasty – Chinese dynasty known for trade, exploration (like Zheng He), and building the Great Wall.