FETAL CHEST and ABDOMEN

where is chest circumference measurement taken

trv plane at level of 4ch heart

• excluding skin and subcutaneous tissue

fetal hydrops

pathological accumulation of fluid in two or more body cavities of tissue

pulmonary hypoplasia

reduction in the number of cells, airways and alveoli

primary pulmonary hypoplasia

caused by a process that does not let he lungs form normally

secondary pulmonary hypoplasia

• masses compressing lungs

• skeletal malformations (thanatophoric dysplasia)

• severe oligohydraminos

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

presence of abdominal viscera in the thoracic cavity due to congenital defect in diaphragm

left sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia

• m/c

• fluid filled stomach/distended loops of vowel in left chest

• dextroposition of heart or mediastinal shift

right sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia

• liver herniates to the chest

• mediastinal shift to left

• ascites and hydrops

what are congenital diaphragmatic hernias m/c associated with

congenital heart disease

80% of new born with diaphragmatic hernias die due to

pulmonary hypoplasia and congestive heart failure

pleural effusion

aka: hydrothorax

• accumulation of fluid in pleural space

• manifestation of fetal hydrops, ascites and edema

congenital cystic adenomoid malformation (CCAM)

normal lung tissue is replaced by cysts of varying sizes

• m/c congenital lung lesions

• usually unilateral

• lower lobe is most common site

CCAM type 1

• mainly cystic lesion

CCAM type 2

mainly solid with multiple small cysts < 2cm

• hyperechoic mass with detectable cysts

CCAM type 3

mainly solid lesion with tiny cysts (< 0.5cm)

• hyperechoic mass without detectable cysts

bronchopulmonary sequestration

presence of non-functioning pulmonary tissue that does not communicate with the bronchial tree

• receives its own blood supply

tracheosophageal fistula

abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea

double bubble sign

dilated stomach and dilated proximal duodenum

• duodenal atresia

when does echogenic bowel become normal

3rd trimester

what is the m/c anomaly of abdominal wall

omphalocele

what is omphalocele m/c associated with

pentalogy of cantrell and beckwith-wiedemann

pantalogy of cantrell

• ectopia cordia

• heart defect

• diaphragmatic hernia

• pericardial defect

• omphalocele

gastroschisis

omphalocele

pseudoascites

never outlines falciform ligament like true ascites`

what gastrointestinal anomaly is associated with drug use

gastrocschisis

midgut herniation should resolve by

12 weeks

• if not… omphalocele