Anatomy exam 1 UCF Dow

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of body

superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

Rostral

toward the nose

caudal

toward the tail

Astrocytes (neuroglia cell)

-CNS

-most abundant glial cell type

-extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy

-take up and release ion to control environment around neurons

-involved in synapse formation in developing neural tissue

microglial (neuroglia cells)

-CNS

-smallest and least abundant glial cell

-defensive cells

-phagocytes-- the macro phages of the CNS

-engulf invading microorganisms and dead neuron

-derive from blood cells called monocytes

-migrate to CNS during embryonic and fetal periods

ependymal cells (neuroglial)

-CNS

-line the central activity of the spinal cord and the brain

-bear cilia- help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Oligodendrocytes (neuroglial)

-CNS

-have few branches

-wrap their processes around axons in CNS

**produce myelin sheaths in the CNS

satellite cells (neuroglial)

-PNS

-surround neuron cell bodies w/in ganglia

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

(neuroglia)

-PNS

-surround axons in the PNS

**form myelin sheath around axons of the PNS

organizational structure of skeletal muscles

Each skeletal muscle is composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are arranged into a bundle called a fascicle that is surrounded by connective tissue. Many fascicles are bundled together to make up the muscle

types of neurons

sensory- bring messages to CNS

motor- listen to sensory neurons; take message from CNS and bring to specific muscle

interneurons- acts on messages and tells motor neurons what to do; enables communication between sensory/motor neuron and CNS

structural classification of neurons

multipolar- possess more than 2 processes, numerous dendrites and 1 axon

bipolar- possess 2 processes, rare neurons, found in some special sensory organs

unipolar (pseudounipolar)- possess 1 short single process, start as bipolar neurons during development

how a neuron interacts w/ a skeletal muscle fiber to cause contraction

-indirect communication

-action potential

importance of the neuromuscular junction

-where nerve ending and muscle fiber meet (motor unit)

Ossification (osteogenesis)

-bone tissue formation

membrane bones (ossification)

-intramembranous ossification

-formed directly from mesenchyme w/in mesenchyme mb

-only happens during embryonic development

-specific bones: skull, mandible (jaw), clavicle

other bones (ossification)

-endochondral ossification

-w/in cartilage in embryonic development and rest of life

-w/ all bones except skull jaw and clavicle

-what is done when bones break

intamembranous ossification

bone develops from a fibrous membrane

-during embryonic development

endochondral ossification

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

-during late in second month of embryonic development and continues to early adulthood

compact bone

dense outer layer of bone

spongy (cancellous) bone

-internal network of bone

-trabeculae: little "beams" of bone

-open spaces btwn trabeculae are filled with yellow bone marrow

Where is red bone marrow found?

found mainly in flat bones such as hip, breast, skull, ribs, vertebral, and shoulder blades and in spongy bone at proximal ends of femur and humerus

osteoporosis

-A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

-characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogens helps maintain bone density)

osteomalacia

-abnormal softening of bones in adults

-bones are inadequately mineralized

osteosarcoma

form of bone cancer

arthritis

painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints

-osteoarthritis: most common type, "wear and tear" arthritis

-rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammation disorder, normally paired w/ autoimmune disorders

-gout: uric acid build up causes pain in joints, based on diet

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

-can restrict blood flow, if plaque bursts blood clot will form, considered a heart problem, can affect arteries

unpaired cranial bones

frontal

occipital

sphenoid

ethmoid

paired cranial bones

temporal

parietal

unpaired facial bones

mandible (jaw)

vomer

paired facial bones

maxillae

zygomatic

nasal

lacrimal

palatine

inferior nasal conchae

Within the meninges, where would you find cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

-both brain and spinal cord are covered by meninges: dura, arachnoid, and pia matters

-CSF is found inside the subarachnoid layer

How is CSF produced?

-plasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through ependymal cells into the ventricles to produce CSF

-produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. A small amount is also produced by ependymal cells

How is CSF recycled back into the blood?

-CSF is absorbed through blood vessels over the surface of the brain back into the bloodstream

-Some absorption also occurs through the lymphatic system

-recycled back into the blood through the dural sinuses via sagittal sinus

What is the importance of the choroid plexus? Where is it located?

-primary functions is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain

-resides in the innermost layer of the meninges (pia mater) which is in close contact with the cerebral cortex and spinal cord

hydrocephalus

-accumulation of excess CSF w/in ventricular system

-either from overproduction of CSF or decreases reabsorption

-diagnosed with fetal MRI

-treated by a surgical insertion of drainage system called shunt

Meningitis

-inflammation of the meninges

-diagnosed by collection CSF by lumbar puncture

-treated with antibiotics

brain tumors

-can grow in several locations

-symptoms depend on size and location

-most do not metastasize

How could the facial artery and cavernous sinus be involved in the development of encephalitis or meningitis?

the facial vein anastomoses (drains into/ is connected to) angular vein and the anastomoses is directly connected to the cavernous sinus which is where the brain sits on top of

-so if bacteria is picked up in the facial artery there is a possibility of that contaminated blood instead of being brought to the internal jugular vein, being brought into to the cavernous sinus which is what the brain is sitting on

*CN I

-Olfactory

-sensory

*CN II

-optic

-Sensory

*CN III

-oculomotor

-motor

*CN IV

-trochlear

-motor

*CN V

-trigeminal

-Sentory and motor

*CN VI

-abducent

-motor

*CN VII

-facial

-sensory and motor

*CN VIII

-vestibulocochlear

-sensory

*CN IX

-glossopharyngeal

-sensory and motor

*CN X

-vagus

-sensory and motor

*CN XI

-accessory

-motor

*CN XII

-hypoglossal

-motor

mimetic muscles

facial muscles; called mimetic because they convey meaning in speech through "mimes" and also function to shape the oral and nasal cavities

*ALL mimetic muscles are innervated by CN VII*

-4 group: scalp, region of eyelid, nasal region, mouth region

Epicranius

-has 2 bellies: frontal and occipital, connected by an aponeurosis (flat tendon)

-fxn: produces wrinkles in forehead and gives facial expressions of astonishment

orbicularis oculi

-3 parts: orbital, palpebral, and lacrimal

-fxn: produces folds in lateral angle of the eye, expression of worry and concern

corrugator supercilii

-fxn: pulls the skin and eyebrows down and medially, produces vertical folds, protects against light

-thinkers brow expression

obicularis oris

fxn- contraction closes the mouth, strong contraction giving sucking shape

buccinator

quadrilateral in shape

-fxn: enables air to be blown out of the mouth, keeps the mucous mb of the cheek free of folds

zygomaticus major

fxn- lifts the corner of the mouth upward, giving expression of laughter or pleasure

zygomaticus minor

retracts and elevates upper lip

risorius (laughing muscle)

fxn- together w/ zygomatic major it produces the nasolabial folds

levator labii superioris

elevates upper lip

Lavator anguli oris

fxn- lifts the angle of the mouth giving expression of self confidence

depressor anguli oris

fxn- pulls the angle of the mouth downwards and produces expression of sadness

depressor labii inferioris

fxn- pulls the lower lip down giving the expression of perseverance

mentalis

fxn- chin lip furrow giving expression of doubt and indecision

platysma

fxn- tenses skin in the anterior neck

TMJ syndrome

an unbrella term used to describe acute or chronic pain in the mastication muscle or the temporomandibular joint

salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

-produce saliva, releasing it into the oral cavity through ducts like parotid (stensens) duct

-receive parasympathetic innervation from superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, through CN VII and CN IX

What is the sensory innervation of the face?

Sensation on the face is innervated by the trigeminal nerves (V) as are the muscles of mastication, but the muscles of facial expression are innervated mainly by the facial nerve (VII) as is the sensation of taste.

What are the seven bones that form the eye orbit?

frontal bone

sphenoid bone

zygomatic bone

ethmoid bone

maxilla

lacrimal bone

nasal bone

What is the lacrimal apparatus, and where is it located?

lacrimal gland (located anterolateral) produces tears which collect on the medial side of the eye, through puncta lacrimalia (openings on the inner side of the lids), passing into the lacrimal canal

-collected tears flow into the lacrimal sac which extends from nasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nose

extraocular muscles of the eye

superior rectus

inferior rectus

inferior oblique

medial rectus

superior oblique

lateral rectus

superior rectus

CN III

-lifts the eye, adduction, rotation

inferior rectus

CN III

-depresses the eye, adduction, external rotation

medial rectus

CN III

-adduction

lateral rectus

CN VI

-adduction

superior oblique

CN IV

-rotates upper half of of eye ball towards the nose

inferior oblique

CN III

-rotates the upper half of the eye ball towards the temporal side

cornea

anterior surface, transparent

lens

posterior to the iris which has a central opening, the pupil

optic nerve

posterior, medial to the optic axis

anterior chamber of eye

bordered by cornea, iris, and lens, which has a clear fluid called aqueous humor

posterior chamber of eye

lies in a ring around lens, also contains the aqueous humor

interior (vitreous) chamber

contains vitreous body, a jelly like substance containing water

sclera

dense taut connective tissue capsule of collagen and elastic fibers

-maintains the shape of eyeball along with intraocular pressure

uvea

contains blood vessels, forms iris and ciliary body in the anterior chamber and the choroid in the interior chamber

-high pigment in iris= brown iris

-low pigment=blue or green eyes

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

macula

region of greatest visual activity, yellowish in color and has a central pit (fovea centralis)

Horner's syndrome

characterized by the classic triad of: miosis (constricted pupil), partial ptosis (drooping eyelid), loss of hemifacial sweating (anhidrosis)

Direct and consensual light reflex

constriction of ipsilateral and contralateral pupil when a light is shone into one eye

-it shows the function of CN III and also the optic pathway

-these reflexes may be lost in head trauma

glaucoma

optic neuropathy, retinal ganglion cell loss, and blindness due to impaired drainage of the aqueous humor from the schlemms canal

-leads to incresed intraocular pressure and increased retinal blood flow

cataracts

progressive degeneration and opacity of the lens which leads to impaired vision and blindness

-due to the deposition of aggregated proteins

muscles of mastication

ALL innervated by mandibular nerve CN V

-CN V= trigeminal nerve, 3 branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

masseter

mandibular division of CN V

-fxn: powerfully closes the jaw by elevating the mandible

temporalis

mandibular division of CN V

-fxn: strongest elevator of lower jaw