True Navigation

What is true navigation?

is the ability to locate a goal regardless of displacement and without relying on landmarks, allowing compensation for relocation.

What are the major types of orientation cues used by animals?

Visual, magnetic, chemical, and electrical cues.

Why do animals often use multiple cues?

Because environmental cues are not always consistent, and multiple systems provide backup.

How do digger wasps demonstrate the use of landmarks?

When experimenters moved rocks near their nests, the wasps returned to the rocks’ new location instead of the nest, showing reliance on spatial landmarks rather than the nest itself.