Lab 1 Endocrine Glands and Organs Containing Endocrine Cells

What major hormones are produced by hypothalamus?

Regulatory hormones, Antidiuretic hormone, Oxytocin

Primary Target of Regulatory Hormones

Anterior pituitary gland

Primary Function of Regulatory Hormones

Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary

Primary Target of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Kidney; hypothalamus (thirst center); blood vessels

Primary Function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Stimulates the kidneys to decrease urine output and the thirst center to increase fluid intake when the body is dehydrated; in high doses, ADH is a vasoconstrictor (thus, it is also called vasopressin)

Primary Target of Oxytocin

Uterus; breast. (mammary glands); brain

Primary Function of Oxytocin

Contraction of smooth muscle of uterus; ejection of milk from mammary glands; increases feelings of emotional bonding between individuals

What major hormones are produced by Pituitary gland (anterior)?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LF), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH)

Primary Target of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thryoid gland

Primary Function of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

Primary Target of Prolactin (PRL)

Ovary; testis

Primary Function of Prolactin (PRL)

Regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females; function not fully known in males

Primary Target of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Ovary; Testis

Primary Function of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle (spherical structure that houses an oocyte) within ovaries; control development of sperm within testes

Primary Target of Luteinizing hormone (LF)

Ovary; Testis

Primary Function of Luteinizing hormone (LF)

Induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from the ovarian follicle; controls testosterone synthesis within testes

Primary Target of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal cortex

Primary Function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (e.g. cortisol)

Primary Target of Growth Hormone (GH)

Liver; skeleton; muscle; all cells

Primary Function of Growth Hormone (GH)

Release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from liver; GH and IGFs function synergistically to induce growth

What major hormones are produced by Pineal Gland?

Melatonin

Primary Target of Melatonin

Brain

Primary Function of Melatonin

Helps regulate the body’s circadian rhythms (biological clock); functions in sexual maturation

What major hormones are produced by Thyroid Gland?

Thyroid Hormone and Calcitonin

Primary Target of Thyroid Hormone

All cells

Primary Function of Thyroid Hormone

Increase metabolic rate of all cells; increase heat production (calorigenic effect)

Primary Target of Calcitonin

Bone; kidney

Primary Function of Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium levels; most significant in children

What major hormones are produced by Thyroid Gland?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Primary Target of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Bone tissue; kidney

Primary Function of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating both release of calcium from bone tissue and decrease of calcium in urine; cause formation of calcitriol hormone (a hormone that increases calcium absorption from small intestine)

What major hormones are produced by Thymus?

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

Primary target of Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

T-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell)

Primary Function of Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

Maturation of T-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell, or leukocyte)

What major hormones are produced by Adrenal Cortext?

Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), Gonadocorticoids (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA])

Primary Target of Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)

Kidney

Primary Function of Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)

Regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels by decreasing Na+ and increasing K+ excreted in urine

Primary Target of Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

Liver; adipose connective tissue; all cells

Primary Function of Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

Participate in the stress response; increase nutrients (e.g., glucose) that are available in the blood

Primary Target of Gonadocorticoids (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA])

Various body cells

Primary Function of Gonadocorticoids (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA])

Stimulate maturation and functioning of reproductive system

What major hormones are produced by Adrenal Medulla?

Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)

Primary Target of Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)

Various blood cells

Primary Function of Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)

Prolong effects of sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

What major hormones are produced by Pancreas?

Insulin and Glucagon

Primary Target of Insulin

Liver; adipose connective tissue; most body cells

Primary Function of Insulin

Decrease blood glucose levels

Primary Target of Glucagon

Liver; adipose connective tissue

Primary Function of Glucagon

Increase blood glucose levels

What major hormones are produced by Testes?

Testosterone and Inhibin

Primary Target of Testosterone

Reproductive organs; various body cells

Primary Function of Testosterone

Stimulates maturation and function of male reproductive system

Primary Target of Inhibin

Anterior pituitary

Primary Function of Inhibin

Inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pitutary

What major hormones are produced by Ovaries (gonads)?

Estrogen and progesterone, Inhibin

Primary Target of Estrogen and progesterone

Reproductive organs; various body cells

Primary Function of Estrogen and progesterone

Stimulate maturation and function of female reproductive system

Primary Target of Inhibin

Anterior pituitary

Primary Function of Inhibin

Inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pitutary

What major hormones are produced by Heart?

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Primary Target of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Kidneys; blood vessels

Primary Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Functions primarily to decrease blood pressure by stimulating both the kidneys to increase urine output and the blood vessels to dilate

What major hormones are produced by Kidneys?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Primary Target of Erythropoietin (EPO)

Bone (red bone marrow)

Primary Function of Erythropoietin (EPO)

Increases production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

What major hormones are produced by Liver?

Angiotensiogen, Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), Erythropoietin (EPO), Hepcidin

Primary Target of Angiotensiogen

Blood vessels; kidney; hypothalamus (thirst center(

Primary Function of Angiotensiogen

Converted by enzymes released from the kidney and within the inner lining of blood vessels to angiotensin II; increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and decreasing urine output; stimulates thirst center

Primary Target of Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Various body cells

Primary Function of Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Function synergistically with growth hormone to regulate growth

Primary Target of Erythropoietin (EPO) 2

Bone (red bone marrow) 2

Primary Function of Erythropoietin (EPO) 2

Increases production of red blood cells (erythrocytes); note that kidneys are the majors producers of EPo

Primary Target of Hepcidin

Small intestine and macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Primary Function of Hepcidin

Regulates irone levels

What major hormones are produced by Stomach?

Gastrin

Primary Target of Gastrin

Stomach

Primary Function of Gastrin

Facilitates digestion within stomach

What major hormones are produced by Small Intestine?

Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Motilin

Primary Target of Secretin

Digestive Organs

Primary Function of Secretin

Regulates digestion within small intestine by helping to maintain normal pH within small intestine

Primary Target of Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Digestive Organs

Primary Function of Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Regulates digestion within small intestine by facilitating digestion of proteins and fats within small intestine

Primary Target of Motilin

Small intestine

Primary Function of Motilin

Stimulates small intestine motility

What major hormones are produced by Skin?

Vitamin D3

Primary Target of Vitamin D3

Bone; kidney; small intestine

Primary Function of Vitamin D3

Converted by enzymes of liver and kidney to calcitrol; functions synergistically with PTH and increases calcium absorption from small intestine

What major hormones are produced by Adipose Connective Tissue?

Leptin

Primary Target of Leptin

Brain

Primary Function of Leptin

Helps regulate food intake