Prison + Prisoners midterm :)

Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment in the United States:

True

During the past few years the prison population has continued to increase:

True

Until the early 1800s in the United States, correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal punishment to reprimand criminal behavior.:

True

The New York system of corrections, implemented first in the Auburn State Prison, was founded upon the idea of complete solitary confinement of inmates.:

False

Evidence-based corrections is a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works.":

true

From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as a means of __________, forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.

Social Control

Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are ________ , meaning that each process affects another part of the criminal justice system in some way.

Interconnected

Nearly one-fifth of all offenders are under the correctional control of four states (i.e., the Big Four of corrections). Which of the following is NOT one of these states?

Oklahoma

A ________ is a correctional facility used to house pretrial detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses.

Jail

In 1790, the first recognized penitentiary was created in which U.S. city?

Philadelphia

The system where inmates were held in isolation at night but worked together during the day is known as the ________.

Congregate System

Which of the following events was instrumental in the move toward the community corrections movement in the United States?

The inmate riot that occurred in September 1971 at the Attica State Prison in New York

__________is a system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of their sentence.

Parole

A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours is known as a_____

Jail

Please define the following terms: (1) probation, (2) parole. What are the major similarities and differences between the two sanctions?

Probation is an agency that supervises the community adjustment of people who are convicted of crimes but are not sentenced to jail or prison. An offender can be released from jail or prison on probation if they are on good behavior and are under supervision. Parole is when an offender is released from confinement on early release or before the expiration of their sentence. Probation is operated by the judicial branch, while parole is a function of the executive branch. Probation and parole are sanctions used to keep offenders out of jail or prison and are offered to offenders who are on good behavior.

Corrections in colonial America followed English ideas and practices.

True

The death penalty is the ultimate example of the punishment goal referred to as incapacitation

True

Deterrence assumes that people think rationally before they act.

true

Indeterminate sentences require a minimum and maximum amount of time for offenders to serve in prison.

true

Felony courts hear about 90% of all criminal cases.

false

Before the 1200s in Europe, a crime was determined to be a private affair with vengeance to be carried out by the victim or the victim's family on the offender. This principle of punishment was centered on the idea of lex talionis, meaning the law of _________. 

Retaliation

The earliest known forms of codified law were the Sumerian Laws of Mesopotamia (3100 b.c.e.) and the _______, developed by the King of Babylon in 1750 b.c.e.

Code of Hammurabi

Which of the following is NOT a principle that underlies the reforms that Beccaria advocated?

Imprisonment should be more widely employed, with worse quarters to deter offenders.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four commonly accepted goals of criminal sanctions in the United States?

Incarceration

A new goal of punishment that has emerged over the last decade is called______________ justice. This process advocates a type of punishment that is designed to repair losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society.

Restorative

Fines, forfeiture of illegally gained assets, and restitution to victims are all examples of what form of punishment?

intermediate sanctions

A(n) _______ sentence is a fixed period of incarceration and is often associated with the concept of retribution.

determinante

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an "invisible punishment"?

restricting access to public libraries

The _______ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select an appropriate punishment.

presentence

The presentence report is prepared by a _________.

Probation Officer

When an innocent person is found guilty by plea or verdict it is known as a _________.

Wrongful Conviction

Please list, explain, and give examples of just two of the four major goals of punishment. : The four major goals of punishment are:

retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation. the belief that the convicted person is able to be restored and brought back into society. Within the jail and prison systems, programs such as therapy, employment preparation, education, and substance abuse counseling are all meant to help reintegrate inmates back into society once they are released. Deterrence is used to help possible criminals use rational thinking when it comes to committing crimes. The actor will think about the outcome of them committing a crime because they will think of the consequences of their actions. The actor will think about many things before committing a crime, will they be convicted, the type of punishment, what type of sentence, or even the outcome of death. There are two types of punishment: general and specific deterrence. General deterrence is intended to make the public think twice about breaking the law, while specific deterrence is used to make already convicted criminals think twice about breaking the law again.

Jails are the entryway to corrections

True

According to many scholars, a great percentage of defendants are considered indigent and cannot afford to post bail.

True

Defendants who are regarded as dangerous or likely to commit crimes while awaiting trial are kept in jail for society's protection under preventive detention.

True

According to federal and state laws, jail employees can never be held liable for their actions.

False

Local jail officers are some of the best trained, educated, and paid employees in the entire U.S. correctional system.

False

The idea behind the American jail system was adopted from which country?

England

Operated as facilities to detain accused people awaiting trial, jails have customarily been run by ________.

County Sheriffs

The ________ system is a system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate held.

fee

Which facility is operated under a joint agreement between two or more government units, with a jail board drawn from representatives of the participating jurisdictions and having varying authority over policy, budget, operations, and personnel?

regional jail

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the most significant problems jail inmates face today?

nutrition

Pretrial detainees ________.

have not been convicted of the crimes they are being held on.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three mains reasons used to support pretrial diversion programs?

These programs help prevent the accused from committing further crimes.

By far the most successful pretrial release program has been ________.

Release on recognizance (ROR)

Defendants who do not appear for a court hearing are called _________.

absconders

Explain under what circumstances jail administrators can be held legally liable for the treatment of people who are incarcerated there. Provide an example.

• Jail administrators can be held legally liable for the treatment of inmates because when corrections officer abuses their power on inmates, they will be held legally responsible.

• Corrections officers are meant to ensure all of the inmate's safety but when they deprive inmates of their constitutional rights and abuse their power of authority, they will be held liable for any wrongdoings.

• if a correctional officer has sexual relations with an inmate, regardless if they are of legal age or agree to any sexual acts with the officer, the one in power(the corrections officer) will still be faced with legal consequences. The relationship between a correctional officer and an inmate presents a clear power imbalance and there are professional boundaries between the two that cannot be crossed.

The law enforcement role of probation emphasizes surveillance of the offender and close controls on behavior.

True

One common problem with intermediate sanctions programs is that many in the field believe these programs lead to increasing the number of offenders who are unnecessarily controlled by the government.

True

When both the requirements of supervision and the surveillance of offenders increase, more violations are detected and more probationers face revocation of probation.

True

Today in the United States, non government agencies can also be used to administer community corrections programs.

True

John Augustus

a Boston boot-maker, was the first recorded probation officer in the United States, dating back to 1841.

The goal of __________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer's activities and maintaining careful surveillance.

Risk Management

More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are __________.

under community supervision

Probationers in the United States are more likely to be __________ than are offenders confined to jail or prison.

 White and Male

Judicial reprieve in the United States was ________.

declared unconstitutional in 1916

Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity is called __________.

Forfeiture

Intermediate sanctions have two general goals, first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation and, second, to serve as a_______.

less costly alternative to prison

According to the text, boot camps are designed for what type of offender?

young

If an offender falls behind on paying compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss, they may be sent to a______.

Restitution Center

When prison alternatives are correctly applied to nonprison cases, they cannot __________.

save money

Explain some of the problems associated with intermediate sanctions. :

• the careful process of selecting offenders,

• selecting agencies, and

• net widening. The process of selecting an offender may seem unfair and they might not deter a criminal from commiting the crime. Intermediate sanctions pose a problem with net widening because the sanctions do not reduce the prison population and despite the cost of the devices being much less expensive than a prison sentence, the instruments used entail more expenses than the traditional non-custodial sanctions. The last problem is that selecting the appropriate agencies to run these sanctions are difficult and tedious.

PSIs do not allow victims to make impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the offender's action.

false

Private investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs.

True

One main purpose of the probation officer's supervision is to enforce compliance with conditions.

True

Probation may be revoked if the probationer fails to attend a mandatory therapy session

True

The PSI process typically begins with an interview with the __________.

offender

Probation officers traditionally perform two basic functions: __________ and supervision.

investigation

Supervision begins once an offender is sentenced to probation, and it involves three steps. Which of the following is NOT one of these steps?

preparation of a presentence investigation (PSI)

Probation officers prefer to rely more heavily on their __________ rather than on power.

AUTHORITY

______________ involves a variety of interpersonal techniques that increase the effectiveness of correctional treatment, by having the probation officer interact with the client in ways that promote the client's stake in the change process.

Motivational Interviewing

The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior is known as __________.

Recidivism

Define the terms authority and power. Discuss their role in the work of probation officers. Which is more effective? Why?

• Power: power is forcing someone to do something they don't want to do.

• Authority: the aspect or ability to influence someone to do something.

  • PROBATION OFFICERS USE authority effectively because required to do so

The most frequent type of offense of federal prisoners is drug related.

true

The Federal Bureau of Prisons confinement facilities are classified using four security levels, ranging from "minimum" to "super max" security.

true

Departments of Corrections are usually unable to control the flow of offenders sent to them by the courts.

true

_________, the oldest operating prison in America, was built in 1798 and still houses inmates today.

Trenton State Prison (NJ)

The major focus of corrections today seems to have shifted to a _________ model of corrections, a model that emphasizes the importance of incarceration.

crime control

Which of the following prison designs is most often used today for maximum-security prisons in the United States?

Telephone Pole design

The majority of adult prisons in the United States are located in _________ areas

rural

Who is responsible for the operation of state prisons?

 commissioners of corrections

Prisons house convicted offenders who have been sentenced to terms of _________.

length of sentences for certain offenders

List and explain the two of the five major reasons why U.S. prison populations have increased over the past 20 years.

Tougher Sentences and the War on Drugs. crimes have stricter punishments. Fewer people are given probation while more people are being sentenced for longer periods, and Drug-related crimes result in prison/jail time because of the stricter attitudes of government officials.