BIO 223 Exam 3

alveolates

dinoflagellate

ciliaphora

tintinnids

bacillophyta

diatoms

chrysophyta

brown algae

rhodophyta

red algae

chlorophyta

green algae

dinoflagellate characteristics

2 flagella, cellulose cell wall, are bioluminescent, responsible for red tides

diatom characteristics

silica dioxide cell wall and generate 20-50% of the oxygen on earth

coccolithophore characteristics

calcium carbonate plates, biflagellate, negative impact on aquaculture because of its toxicity to artemia

microalgae growth curve

exponential phase, linear phase, and stationary phase

rotifers

mainly used as a food source in aquaculture

ciliates

vital link in the aquatic food chain as they are the herbivores of zooplankton

artemia

brine shrimp, used as feed at nauplii stage

pellet size

20-30% of mouth gape

gustation and olfaction

the sense of taste is more important than the sense of smell

aquatic feeds must have

chemoattractants

parameters for determining an appropriate pellet

abrasion, hardness, and water durability

binding agents

starches, gels, fats, molasses, wheat, gum, whey

pork FCR

3.4-3.6

poultry FCR

2-4

salmon FCR

1.2

tilapia FCR

1.6-1.8

amount of energy digestion takes

5-20%

how much energy excretion takes

10-30%

how much energy maintenance takes

10-30%

how much energy available for growth

20-70%

dynamic energy budget theory

F=D+E+M+G

carbohydrates

fish have a hard time metabolizing them, excessive carb intake will result in higher glycogen deposits in liver, ~12% digestible carbs is rule of thumb

land based animal products

tallow, lard, poultry fat, blood, and pig bristle meal

immunostimulatory substances

beta glucan, nucleotides, astaxanthin, vitamins, probiotics, and chitin

major ingredients of feed

fish meal, soy meal, oil, vitamin and minerals

rainbow trout research

growth, stress, disease resistance, and energy metabolism

acidified diet

formic acid, acetic acid, or humic acid (enhances growth and nutrient absorption)

oils high in omega 3 FAs

olive, grapeseed, canola, and camelina oil

anti nutritional factors

fermentation and thyaminase

ratio between EPA and DHA

good indicator if the organisms can use PUFAs efficiently

insect alternatives

black soldier fly larvae, mealworms, crickets, and grasshoppers

tunicate alternatives

high protein, lower lipids, chitin, and good economic viability

economic sustainability

economically viable species and market diversification (IMTA and aquaponics)

environmental sustainability

mitigate pollution and waste production, resilient to environmental stress, and lower stocking densities

polyculture

growing two or more species together

IMTA

growing two or more species together where the waste products from one species becomes fertilizer or food for another species

IAAS

integrated agriculture aquaculture system

IPUAS

integrated peri-urban aquaculture system

IFAS

integrated fisheries aquaculture system

bay of fundi

atlantic salmon, blue mussels, and kelp

chile

salmon, seaweed, and abalone

israel

gilthead seabream, ulva, and abalone

british colombia

sablefish, sea cucumber, sea urchin, shellfish, and kelp

lake farming

grass carp and water spinach

holoplankton

spend entire life cycle as plankton

meroplankton

spend part of life cycle as plankton

artemia enrichment

microalgae, spiruline, yeast, or AlgaMac

precocial species

mature and mobile from birth (ex. fish with bigger yolks)

altricial species

born in an immature state (ex. fish with smaller yolk)

live vs prepared food

live food is harder to store and keep nutritional balance, prepared food is easier to get nutritional requirements, and live feed is more palatable

fish feed formulation

protein, carbs, lipids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins

protein replacements

oyster mushrooms, green crabs, periwinkle, seaweed, sea cucumber

Isochrysis galbana

brown algae, motile, size 4-8

Nannochloropsis oculate

brown algae, non motile, size 4-6

Tetraselmis sp.

green algae, motile, size 9-10

Chorella vulgaris

green algae, non motile, size 2-10

Nitzchia sp.

diatom, non motile

Navicula sp

diatom, non motile

Pheodactylum tricornutum

diatom, motile, size 3-5

Thallasiosira sp

diatom, non motile, size 11-14

Chaetoceros gracilis

diatom, non motile, size 14-17