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Feudalism
Most common society type in Europe is a hierarchy that centered around land
Serfdom
A form of slavery where serfs (servants), work on land in exchange for protection
Knights
Protected land in exchange for money or land, chivalry also became popular (750-1400)
Manorial System
A feature of feudalism where the lord/ noble of the land would hold economic power
Three-field system
A system of crop rotation that made agriculture more efficient
Manorial Market
Controlled by a lord where they would charge tolls and fees
Guilds
Regulated production while also promoting trade, thus expanding the economy
The Crusades
Introduced Europe to Eastern trade and technologies, opening a doorway for an increase in economic flow
Black Death
Killed about ⅓ of Europe’s population, creating an immense impact on its society
The Peasant Revolt (1381)
The Peasants Revolt in 1381 was one of the first popular revolts and it was due to the imposition of a poll tax
Rise of Commerce
Trade routes were expanding and more towns and cities formed that were not controlled by lords/ nobles
Bourgeoisie/ Middle Class
Merchants, traders, or craftsmen who were wealthy but were not linked to noble or royal families
Proletariat/ Working Class
Emerged from the Industrial Revolution and worked in factories for long periods of time
Gentry
Landowners who weren’t related to nobles or royalty
Islam (Monotheistic)
Spread through North, West, and East Africa via trade routes
Christianity (Monotheistic)
Spread mainly in North Africa, mainly in Egypt (Coptic Orthodox Church)
Buddhism
Believed that the point of human life is suffering and good behavior on earth leads to nirvana (enlightenment) in the afterlife
Hinduism (Monotheistic)
Believes in the continuous cycle of life, death, and reincarnation
Confucianism
Believed in ethical conduct, family loyalty, and social harmony
Daoism (Taoism)
Focused on living in harmony with Tao (the way)
Shinto (Polytheistic)
Worshipped Kami (Spirits associated with naturally occurring things and ancestors)
Jainism (Polytheistic)
Focused on non-violence and living a simple life with no physical pleasures (believed to strengthen relationship with God)
Syncretism
The process of the blending of religious beliefs and practices
Ghana Empire (Mali: 300- 1200)
Known for wealth (gold trade)
Mali Empire (Malia, Senegal, and Guinea: 1235- 1600)
Know for wealth and its trade networks (mainly gold and salt)
Songhai Empire (Mali, Niger, and Nigeria: 1430- 1591)
Known for advanced administration, military prowess, and its urban centers (Gao and Timbuktu)
Tang Dynasty (China: 618- 907)
Golden age of Chinese civilization known for advancements in art, poetry, and technology like printing and papermaking.
Song Dynasty (China: 960- 1279)
Known for economic prosperity and technological advancements
Yuan Dynasty (China: 1271- 1368)
Known for its integration of Mongol rule over China
Ming Dynasty (China: 1368- 1644)
Restored Han Chinese rule after the Yuan Dynasty
Known for strong centralized government, economic recovery, and cultural restoration
Delhi Sultanate (India: 1206- 1526)
Established Muslim rule in India
Mongol Empire (1206- 1368)
United Mongol tribes and led military campaigns throughout Asia
Trans- Saharan Trade Routes
Mainly traded: Gold, ivory, salt, slaves, textiles, and agricultural products
Silk Road
Mainly traded: Silk, spices, tea, porcelain, precious metals, and cultural artifacts
Indian Ocean Trade Routes
Mainly traded: Spices, textiles, precious stones, and timber
Islamic Trade Routes
Mainly Traded: Textiles, spices, ceramics, and books
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