competition and mutualisms

competition has what effect on individual one and two

negative on both

predation/parasitism has what effect on individual one and two

positive on one and negative on one

mutualism has what effect on individual one and two

positive on both

why does competition arise

due to limited resources

competition over resources between individuals often lead to 

competitive exlusion of an inferior competitor by a superior competitor 

how can competitive exclusion occur

within one species (intraspecific) or between individuals of two different species (interspecific)

exploitative competition

occurs when some individuals consume a resource, not leaving enough for others to exist. (can also be intra or interspecific)

t/f: exploitative competition does involve direct interactions

false

interference competition

occurs when individuals directly alter the resource-attaining behavior of others (can be intraspecific or interspecific) 

what two types of interference competition are there

interference through aggressive interactions or interference through chemical interactions

what is an example of interference through aggressive interactions

long-legged ants wake up early and plug the nest entrances if competing harvester ants with rocks

what is an example of interference through chemical interactions

black walnut trees exude a chemical that changes soil chemistry and reduces the likelihood that other plant species will be able to germinate nearby

apparent competition

occurs when two individuals that do not directly compete for resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator (or parasite) ; this is interspecific only

what is sympatry

overlap In space

how can ecologically similar species living in sympatry (overlap in space) reduce competition

spatial niche partitioning and dietary niche partitioning

what is spatial niche partitioning

species that eat the same foods occupy different microhabitat types (i.e. realized niches) in th habitat

what is dietary niche partitioning 

species that occupy the same microhabitat types eat different prey 

what are the two types of mutualists

obligate mutualists and facultative mutualists

what are obligate mutualists

two species require the fitness benefits (survival and/or reproduction) provided by their interaction to persist; they cannot survive without each other

what are facultative mutualists

two species do not require the fitness benefits (survival and/or reproduction) provided by their interaction to persist, but each species does better when they are together

mutualisms can be comprised of what mixtures 

2 obligate, 1 obligate & 1 facultative, or 2 facultative 

fig wasps and fig trees are what

obligate mutualists that have coevolved together

Mycorrhizal fungi other have what with land plants and are highly important for agriculture

factultative mutualisms