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What is the diameter of most cells?
less than 50 micrometers
Most cells are microscopic except...
vertebrate eggs that can be seen with the naked eye
Where is DNA located?
Nucleoid (not segregated) or nucleus (with a nuclear envelope)
Prokaryotic cells
*Simplest organisms: have a wall and membrane covering the cytoplasm
*Lack membrane bound nucleus
*Has ribosomes
In prokaryotic cells where is the DNA located?
DNA is located in the nucleoid
What influences the cell wall shape in prokaryotic cells?
Cytoskeleton
What are BMCs in eukaryotic organelles?
functional but not structural analogs
Prokaryotes possess molecules related to _____ and _____ that influence the shape of the cell wall.
actin and tubulin
Where is the nucleoid visible in prokaryotic structure?
the nucleoid is visible in dense central region segregated from the cytoplasm
Bacterial cell walls
Composed if peptidoglycan, a sugar polymer (not necessarily glucose) crosslinked by short polypeptides units
What cell walls are different in bacterial cell walls?
cell walls of plants, fungi, and most protist are different
What are the properties of BCW?
protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water
What does the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depend on?
often depends on the structure of their cell walls
Glyoxysome
for fat to sugar conversion through glyoxylate cycle
Nucleiolus
region where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place
What is the outer layer continues with? Nuclear envelope
cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum
How is DNA divided in eukaryotes?
multiple linear chromosomes
Chromatin
chromosomes plus protein
Septate or tight junctions
connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a protective sheet preventing leakage
How do proteins give cell identity?
cells make contact, "read" each other, and react
Integrin proteins
attached to microfilaments (Actin) and intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
What does connectivity allow the ECM to do?
Influence cell behavior such as gene expression and migration patters
How are eukaryotic cell walls distinct from prokaryotic cell walls?
chemically and structurally
What is the eukaryotic flagella and cilia made up of?
9 microtubules pairs surrounding 2 central microtubules
Cilia
Serve to move over the tissue surface, move air waves, etc.
Where are centrioles found?
in most animal cells and most protist
Microtubules organizing centers
can nucleate the assembly of microtubules
Centrosome
the area surrounding the pair of centrioles
What is the centrosomes responsible for?
For organizing of microtubules during cell division
Actin
2 proteins twisted filaments involved in cellular movements
Osmotic pressure
the force required to stop that flow of water
Peroxisomes
are small organelles classified as microbodies that bud off the ER
How are lysosomes activated?
by fusing with either a food vesical introduced by phagocytosis or worn-out organelle
What does low pH do in lysosomes?
activates the hydrolytic enzymes into action
Gogli Apparatus
sorting of proteins and other functions
Where are proteins and lipids received?
in the cis face
What can SER also preform?
modification of foreign substances for detoxification.
Note 
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