APUSH Unit 6 Quiz 2

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113 Terms

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Kennedy v. Nixon debates

  • Debate was televised for the 1st time

    • changes the view of the president and their family

    • Becomes an image

      • values and looks of the candidate

  • Nixon looked bad b/c of debate on TV

    • not confidante, sweaty, short, and was shown to give dirty looks at Kennedy

  • Nixon

    • Constituents v. Personal View

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John F. Kennedy

  • PT 109 in WW2

  • Irish Catholic

    • 1st preisdent of this religion- concerns were that he would think that the Pope was above him and should make decisions for US based off of what Pope wants- outside entity influencing the gov

  • Believed in separation of church and state

  • Good Looking, charming

  • New Frontier

  • Won 1960 Election- tv did him good

  • Democratic

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Richard Nixon

  • Constituents v. Personal View

  • Republican

  • Loses 1960 election- tv did him dirty

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New Frontier

  • Kennedy used the phrase "New Frontier" to describe a series of domestic reforms he proposed, including the Peace Corps, increased minimum wage, Social Security expansion, Medicare, and federal aid to education. 

  • New Frontier at Home

    • Camelot increases

      • the image of the president and family

    • Increase min wag and lower tariffs

    • Fed. spending on public facilities and training

    • Defense- $6 billion

    • Space- $ 25 billion

    • US Steel strike

    • cut taxes to stimulate the economy

    • Peace corps

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Flexible Response

  • Kennedy’s foreign policy

  • hove conventional sources or nuclear sources to take care of a problem

    • has options

    • different/change

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Aug 13 1961 Berlin Wall

  • USSR builds the Berlin Wall

  • Stopped people form leaving E. Berlin

  • hydrogen bomb was detonated

  • the East German government began constructing the Berlin Wall, a barrier that separated East and West Berlin and became a symbol of the Cold War. The wall was built to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin, and it divided families and limited freedom of movement. 

  • Reaction to Bay of Pigs

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Peace Corps

  • A volunteer program to assist developing nations. 

  • encouraged by Kennedy

  • Apart of New Frontier plan

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Vietnam

  • 1954 French withdrew in Vietnam a/f being defeated by the Vietnamese

  • Vietnam splits

    • S. Viet: Ngo Dinh Diem (Demo)

    • N. Viet: Ho Chih Minh (Communist)

      • Wanted a united Vietnam

  • Vietcong- Communist Vietnamese found the South

  • May 1959- VC ambush convoys, assassinate officers, and Start controlling S. Vietnam

  • 1961 3200 US personnel- sent to Vietnam

  • 1963 16,000 soldiers in Vietnam (120 killed)

  • Ngo Dinh Diem cracks down on Buddhist monks

    • the Buddhists started to set themselves on fire in protest

  • Nov 1 1963- Diem is killed

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Nov 1 1963

  • coup occurs

  • Diem is captured and killed by his own people

  • JFK does not approve but does not condemn the current government

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Bay of Pigs

  • 1400 Americans invaded Cuba

  • Cuba instantly knew they were there and shot at them

  • Kennedy didn’t send air help for those who invaded

  • Made Kennedy look bad for not sending help

  • Reaction was Berlin Wall being built

  • April of 1961

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Cuban Missile Crisis

  • Oct 14 1961 U-2 spy planes found missile silos in Cuba that were pointed at the US

  • Kennedy goes on National TV and says

    • ordered navy to stop vessels w/ offensive weapons

    • Khruschev needed to dismantle the bases

    • Any Cuban based attack would be "Fully Retaliated” upon Soviet soil

  • Khrushchev had boats sent to Cuba

    • they were going to launch nuclear weapons on US boats but 1 person disagreed so Khrushchev backed down

  • Kennedy then lifts the blockade

  • Promised not to invade and removed the missiles in Turkey

  • Installed “hot line” red phone

    • line only between US and Russia

  • Khrushchev looked weak so he was replace by Leonid Breznev (eyebrows)

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Assassination of JFK

  • Nov 22 1963

    • Dallas Texas

    • Lee Harvey Oswald- killed JFK

    • Jack Ruby- killed Oswald before we could learn the real story of what happened

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Warren Commsion

  • Made statement about JFK assassination that had people question the government

    • said Oswald worked alone

      • Oswald was behind JFK but the shot came from the front/side

    • CIA Plot

    • Magic Bullet

      • Bullets come from wrong angles and don’t seem believable

    • Zapruder film

      • showed that the shot came from the wrong way for Oswald to be working alone

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Robert Kennedy

Robert Francis Kennedy (RFK), the brother of John F. Kennedy, was a prominent American politician and lawyer. He served as U.S. Attorney General (1961-1964) and later as a U.S. Senator from New York (1965-1968). Kennedy was assassinated in 1968 while running for the Democratic presidential nomination. He is considered an icon of American liberalism and is remembered for his passionate advocacy for civil rights and social justice.

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Lyndon Johnson

  • Vice president of Kennedy

  • Became 36th president a/f JFK assassination

  • Pushed for Kennedy’s programs

  • Wanted Racial Equality a/f JFK’s death

  • Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964

  • Had war on poverty and wanted a “Great Society”

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Civil Rights Acts- 1964

  • Almost 100 years a/f the Civil War

  • Outlawed discrimination by employers against African Americans and Women

  • Outlawed racial segregation in public

    • hotels, movies, restaurants

  • Lyndon Johnson signed in

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Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

  • Job corps

    • finance local antipoverty efforts

    • train the unskilled people

  • Lend money to small businesses in poor areas

    • could hire people and get them out of poverty

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War on Poverty

  • Poverty was up to 22% in America

    • 40 million Americans were in poverty in 1960

    • the poverty lines changed depending on where you lived

  • LBJ wanted to lower poverty in the US

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Great Society

  • LBJ declared war on poverty

  • 1960- 40 million Americans were below the poverty lines

    • 22% of America

    • amount that makes you in poverty is a changing line based on where you lived

      • NY not the same as Decatur

  • Appalachia mountains

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Medicare

  • An LBJ policy

  • Jan 1965

    • gave insurance once you reach a certain age

    • lots of restrictions and only certain services

    • People over 65 get it

    • Part A- hospital insurance for retired

    • Part B- optional covering for Doctor bills for Doctor’s appointments

    • Medicaid help states pay expenses for poor even under 65

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Election of 1964

  • LBJ reelected

    • the people like him

  • Civil rights vicotries

  • tax policy that was favorable

  • war on poverty

  • Barry Goldwater

    • other candidate

    • Lassiez Faire

    • cut back on social security

    • get rid of TVA

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Elementary and Secondary Education Act- 1965

  • gave federally funds to school districts

  • Head start program

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Voting Rights Act 1965

  • LBJ Policy

  • Federal gov intervened to protect black registration and voting for state, local, and federal elections

    • some saw as gov impeding on states rights

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National Endowment for the Arts

LBJ policy

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) was created in 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson as part of his "Great Society" agenda. It was established under the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act, which also led to the creation of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). The NEA's primary goal was to support artistic excellence, expand access to the arts, and strengthen the country's cultural infrastructure. 

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National Endowment for the Humanities

  • LBJ policy

  • Included teaching social studies and psych classes

  • The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) was created by President Lyndon B. Johnson through the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. This act established both the NEH and the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) as separate, independent agencies. The NEH is dedicated to supporting projects that foster a deeper understanding of the humanities, while the NEA focuses on the arts

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Immigration Act of 1965

  • LBJ policy

  • changes the numbers in the National Origin Act of 1924

    • 290,000 total and priority given based on job skills and political asylum- people leaving communist countries

    • 120,000 could come over form the Western Hemisphere

      • limited people coming over form Latin America and Canada

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Maddox

In the 1960s, Lester Maddox gained notoriety and political success by appealing to white Georgians with his segregationist views and defiance of the Civil Rights Act. He refused to integrate his Pickrick restaurant, even when ordered by a court, and famously chased away African Americans. Despite his controversial stance on civil rights, Maddox was elected governor of Georgia in 1966 and surprisingly implemented some progressive policies, including increased funding for education and appointments of African Americans to state offices. He also faced criticism for his response to Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral procession and his refusal to lower flags to half-mast. 

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C. Turner Joy

Charles Turner Joy was a highly decorated admiral in the US Navy, serving during World War II and the Korean War. He was a key figure in truce negotiations in Korea and later served as superintendent of the Naval Academy. The destroyer USS Turner Joy (DD-951) was named in his honor. 

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

  • gave the president unlimited power to fight the war

  • increased involvement in Vietnam to win the war

  • Air raid on N. Viet to 5000 a month

  • Search and destroy missions

    • destroy the enemies( N. Viet and supporters)

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Escalation

  • 1965 Bombing of north supply line

  • April 100,000

  • Stalemate for 3 yrs

  • Bombing in effective- Ho Chih Minh Trail

  • 1968- 500,000

    • Vietcong controlled 40% of South

  • General Westmorland in charge

  • Guerilla Warfare

  • Tet Offensive- 1968

    • Vietcong attacked a lot of cities in S. Viet

      • publicity in US changes the war be be seen as negative

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Tet offensive 1968

  • Vietcong attacked a lot of cities in S. Viet

    • publicity in US changes the war be be seen as negative

  • a series of coordinated attacks launched by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces on over 100 cities and outposts in South Vietnam during the Tet holiday in January 1968. While militarily, the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces successfully repelled the attacks, the offensive had a significant impact on American public opinion, eroding support for the war and ultimately contributing to the escalating US withdrawal from Vietnam. 

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Ho Chih Minh Trail

  • The Ho Chi Minh Trail, also known as the Annamite Range Trail, was a crucial military supply route during the Vietnam War, connecting North Vietnam with South Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia. It served as a vital network for transporting troops, weapons, and supplies to communist forces in the South. 

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General Westmoreland

  • General William Westmoreland was the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968, a period that included the height of the Vietnam War. He oversaw the significant buildup of American troops in Vietnam and implemented a strategy of attrition against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army. 

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My Lai Massacre

  • American soldiers entered My Lai and executed men, women, and children in terrible ways including rape

    • was publicized to the public in America

    • soldiers were called baby killers

  • The American soldier were angry because N. Viet wasn’t fighting fairly

    • skinned Americans alive

    • the massacre was their retaliation

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Free speech movement

  • If you were in college you weren’t allowed to be drafted into the wars

    • so the college students started to protest for their friends who weren’t in college

  • suspicion of depression born affluence society

    • a/f the Great Depression people were influent in money

      • didn’t get drafted because they could pay to no be, so the poor were the ones who were drafted

  • turned on University servant of corporate culture

    • the university shut down the protests- students took it to the Supreme Court as limiting their right for Freedom of Speech and right to peaceful protest

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students for a democratic society

  • Started in Michigan in 1962

    • before the Civil Rights Act 1964

    • wanted to rid America of poverty, racism, violence

    • Participatory democracy- individual over group

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Teach ins

  • Started in Michigan 1965

  • Teachers invited students to his house for class

    • smoked Marijana the whole time

  • A way to protest Vietnam

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Columbia 1968

  • Protest at the college

  • Seized 5 buildings

  • Held sit ins on campus

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Timothy Leary

  • Timothy Francis Leary (1920-1996) was a prominent figure in the American counterculture movement, particularly known for his advocacy of psychedelic drugs like LSD. He was a psychologist, writer, and a pioneer in psychedelic drug research, believing in their therapeutic and spiritual potential. Leary famously coined the phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out," which became a rallying cry for the counterculture. He was also one of the first people to have their remains sent into space. 

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Cesar Chavez

  • WAs the MLK jr. or Hispanics in Napa, California

    • fought for rights for Hispanics working wine vineyards

  • Cesar Chavez was a Mexican American labor and civil rights leader who dedicated his life to improving the lives of farmworkers in the United States. He is best known for co-founding the United Farm Workers (UFW) labor union with Dolores Huerta and for his nonviolent strategies, including strikes, boycotts, and hunger strikes. Chavez's efforts led to significant improvements in wages, working conditions, and benefits for farmworkers. 

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National Farm workers Association

  • 5 yr struggle to increase the wages for Hispanics

    • led to a growth of respect for Mexican Americans

  • Chicanos- named expressed culture, ethnic, and community identity

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Betty Friedan

  • Betty Friedan was a prominent American feminist, writer, and activist who is widely credited with sparking the second wave of feminism in the United States. Her 1963 book, "The Feminine Mystique," challenged traditional gender roles and gave voice to the frustrations many women felt in the 1950s and 60s. Friedan also co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) and served as its first president. 

  • Said that the home was a comfortable concentration camp

    • house wives had no self esteem or sense of identity

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National Organization for Women

  • Develops b/c of the book Feminine Mystique

  • work to have equal rights in the US

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Equal rights Amendment of 1972

  • was an amendment for women to have equal rights

  • doesn’t pass because not enough states agreed for it to pass

  • Phyllis Schlafly was one of the reason it didn’t

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Tet Offensive

  • communist lost but attacked every major city in S. Vietnam

  • shows that the US is not in control

  • question was why is US there

  • General Westmorland asks for 206,000 more troops

  • The Tet Offensive, a pivotal event in US history, refers to a series of coordinated attacks launched by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces against South Vietnamese and US military targets during the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) in January-February 1968. These attacks, while ultimately repelled by US and allied forces, significantly impacted public opinion in the United States, shifting support away from the war. 

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Anti war movement Chicago

Chicago played a significant role in the anti-war movement, particularly during the Vietnam War and the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The protests in Chicago, especially in 1968, were a focal point of national attention, attracting thousands of anti-war activists. The 1968 protests, which included clashes with police, led to arrests and injuries. Chicago also became a center for other anti-war activities, including the Chicago 15, who set fire to Selective Service records. 

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Vietnamization

  • Nixon’s idea to move American troops out of Vietnam so the Vietnamese can protect themselves

    • decrease American troops and increase S. Viet troops

  • Orderly withdraw

  • My Lai Massacre

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Kent St. University 1970

On May 4, 1970, the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of unarmed student protesters at Kent State University, resulting in four students killed and nine wounded. The shootings occurred after days of unrest over the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia. The event triggered a nationwide student strike, forcing hundreds of colleges and universities to close. 

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Detente

  • Nixon’s change in Foreign Policy

    • highly successful

    • b/f was containment

      • containment was bringing USSR and China together

    • opened doors to communist countries

  • 1st sent Henry Kissinger to China and USSR

    • opened borders to trade with them- china had a lot of people so a big market for US to trade with

    • sent ping pong players to China to make connections

  • 2nd 1972 Nixon and Kissinger sent of China

    • China ends up taking Taiwan’s in the UN

    • makes China have a dualistic economy- part capitalistic econ and part command econ

      • brought fast food industry to china

    • US exports up to $4 billion by 1980

  • 3rd Nixon and Kissinger to USSR

    • dualistic econ set up but fails

      • destroys communism there

      • US sold grain to USSR

    • SALT- Strategic Arms Limitations Talk

      • no more making nuclear ballistic missiles

      • reduce anti ballistic missiles

  • 4th get out of Vietnam

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EPA

  • Environmental Protection Agency

  • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 as a result of growing public concern about environmental issues and a need for a coordinated federal approach to environmental protection. President Richard Nixon proposed the creation of the EPA on July 9, 1970, and it officially began operations on December 2, 1970. The agency was designed to serve as the public's advocate for a livable environment and consolidate federal environmental activities. 

  • Specifically, it was created to implement key environmental laws like the Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). 

  • Earth Day Created

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Clean Air Act

  • The Clean Air Act of 1970 is a U.S. federal law designed to regulate air emissions. It established the EPA to set and enforce air quality standards, protect public health, and address air pollution nationwide. The Act regulates both stationary and mobile sources of air pollution, requiring the EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six key pollutants. 

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Strategic Arms Limitations Talks

  • SALT

  • a series of bilateral agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union aimed at limiting the strategic nuclear forces of each nation. These talks, which began in 1968, resulted in several treaties, including the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and the Interim Agreement on Strategic Offensive Arms. The SALT agreements were a key part of the Cold War arms control efforts. 

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Cambodia

  • The Cambodia-Vietnam War was a series of conflicts between Vietnam and Cambodia, primarily driven by the Khmer Rouge regime's actions and Vietnam's desire to protect its border and end the regime's atrocities. Key events include the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in December 1978, the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge, and the subsequent Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia. 

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Jan 27, 1973

  • On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, officially ending the direct U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. This agreement included a ceasefire, troop withdrawal, and the return of U.S. prisoners of war. 

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Watergate Scandal

  • CREEP (Committee to reelect the president) broke into the Democratic head quarters and bugged it with microphones

    • did it twice but the second time they got caught

  • Scandal isn’t that CREEP bugged the democrats, Scandal is that Nixon tried to cover it up and claim Executive Privileges on information- you can’t arrest me b/c I’m the president

  • Nixon had tapes of meetings but said that no one could look at them

  • Saturday Night Massacre- fired a lot of people which made him look more guilty

  • Nixon eventually hands over the tapes but they had been altered and had explict language so the public isn’t liking him

  • The United States takes Nixon to Trial

    • US v. Richard Nixon 1974

      • August 8 1974 Nixon resigns and Ford pardons him on Sept 8

  • Makes US look like it has a corrupt government

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Archival Cox

  • Archibald Cox was a prominent figure in American legal history, known for his role as Special Prosecutor during the Watergate scandal. He also served as Solicitor General from 1961 to 1965, arguing numerous landmark civil rights cases before the Supreme Court. Beyond his legal career, Cox taught at Harvard Law School and was a key figure in Common Cause, a non-profit organization advocating for government accountability. 


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Saturday Night Massacres

  • Nixon fired a lot of people in the midst of the Watergate scandal

  • The "Saturday Night Massacre" refers to a series of resignations and dismissals within the US Justice Department that occurred on October 20, 1973, during the Watergate scandal. It was triggered by President Richard Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who was investigating Nixon's involvement in the Watergate break-in. 

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Stagflation

  • Stagflation in the 1970s was a period of unusual economic conditions characterized by high inflation, high unemployment, and slow economic growth. This phenomenon challenged traditional economic theories that suggested inflation and unemployment were inversely related. The oil crises and the Vietnam War played significant roles in exacerbating the situation. 


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6 days war

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War or the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, was a brief but impactful conflict fought between June 5th and 10th, 1967,. It pitted Israel against a coalition of Arab states, primarily Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. 

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October war

  • The October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War, was a conflict fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

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OPEC

  • OPEC stands for the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is a group of 13 oil-producing and exporting nations, mainly located in the Middle East, that work together to coordinate oil production and exports, ultimately aiming to influence global oil prices and increase profits for their member countries. 

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Gerald Ford

  • Became President Aug 9 1974

  • Pardoned Nixon Sept 8 1974

    • led to him not winning the next election

  • At a news conference he said the CIA had plotted to assassinate foreign leaders before

    • against democracy

    • Said 8 attempts o Castro alone

    • but George H W Bush in charge of CIA

    • created an Executive Order to outlaw assassination attempts as a foreign policy

      • seemed self explanatory

    • speaks without filter

    • concerns the citizens of the US

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Energy Policy and Conservation Act

  • The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA), passed in 1975, aimed to address the oil crisis by addressing domestic energy supplies, restraining demand, and preparing for energy emergencies. Key provisions included establishing the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, setting energy efficiency standards for consumer products, and implementing Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for vehicles. 

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Earth Day

Earth Day was born in 1970, sparked by Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson and activist Denis Hayes, as a way to raise public awareness about environmental issues and encourage action. The first Earth Day, held on April 22, 1970, brought together millions of people in demonstrations and teach-ins across the United States. 

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Sandra Day OConnor

  • First women in the Supreme Court 1981

  • under Regan’s presidency

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Ruth Bader Ginsberg

  • Supreme Court Justice 1993

  • Under Clinton’s presidency

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Equal Rights Amendment 1972

  • Section 1- equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex

  • Section 2- the Congress shall have the power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article

  • Section 3- this amendment shall take effect 2 yrs after the date of ratification

  • Doesn’t Pass

    • Senate and House passed it but only 22 states agreed

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Phyllis Schafly

Phyllis Schlafly was a conservative activist and author known for her opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and her role in the Republican Party. She is often credited with being a key figure in the conservative movement of the 1960s and 70s. Schlafly argued that the ERA would harm women and families, leading to the loss of traditional roles and the potential for mandatory military service. She also published a newspaper called the "Phyllis Schlafly Report" and remained politically active until her death in 2016. 

Didn’t want unisex toilets, homosexual marriages, drafting of women, or equal in the house and job requirements

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Roe v. Wade 1973

  • Made it a Federal choice on laws of abortion

    • made gov look like it’s making too many decisions

  • in the first trimester decision left to the pregnant women’s doctor

  • 2nd trimester states promote their interests in the mother’s health regulating abortion procedures related to the health of the mother

  • 3rd trimester- states may promote their interests in the potentiality of human life by regulating or even prohibiting abortion except when necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother

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Gay Liberation Front

  • tried to stop discrimination of homosexuals

  • 1964- encourage homosexuals to affirm their pride with their sexual identity

  • 1974 American Psychiatric Association stopped classifying homosexuality as a mental disorder

  • Laws forbidding discrimination in housing and employment

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AIDS/HIV

  • Blood born pathogen

  • 1980s seen as a Gay Disease

    • didn’t know what the disease was but gay people had it

  • ACT UP- AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power- disrupted meeting and stock exchange

  • 1992- Don’t Ask Don’t Tell moto

  • 5 yr delay to develop AIDS

  • People feared everyone

    • said away from swimming pools and drinking fountains

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Defense of Marriage act 1966

  • The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was a US federal law passed in 1996 that defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman for federal purposes. It also allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. While DOMA was in effect, it effectively denied same-sex couples numerous federal benefits and recognition. 


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Jimmy Carter

  • Won Election of 1976

  • Was an outsider, southerner, with no experience , fresh and untainted leadership

    • wasn’t apart of the political corruption

    • would get rid of the corruption

  • Problems during Presidency

    • Iran Hostage Crisis

    • Inflation bad

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Health Education Welfare

During Jimmy Carter's presidency, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) underwent significant changes, most notably the establishment of a separate Department of Education

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Camp David Accord

  • Egypt and Israel had been at war since 1967

  • US brought them together to negotiate

  • Leader of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, was shunned by all Islamic countries because they negotiated w/ Israel who had taken land away from Palestine to give to the Jews

  • US had always aided Israel so they were able to take away the Sinai Peninsula

    • during negotiation they gave it back to Egypt

  • Egypt recognized Israela s a country

    • important b/c when Israel was created no Muslim country recognized them

  • Cause of 9/11

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Nicaragua 1979

  • communist spread to Nicaragua and start to become like Cuba

  • In 1979, Nicaragua saw the fall of the Somoza dictatorship and the rise of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The revolution, led by the FSLN, overthrew Anastasio Somoza Debayle, ending his family's long-standing rule. The Sandinistas established a revolutionary government, initially as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction. The FSLN then took exclusive power in March 1981. This period marked a significant shift in Nicaraguan politics, moving from a long-standing dictatorship to a revolutionary government. 

  • US sent money and Peace corps to aid them

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Iran Hostage Crisis

  • Iran had a revolution that put Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini in charge

    • revolution b/c the Shah was trying to westernize and the people didn’t like it

  • The old Shah was kicked out of Iran and eventually developed cancer

    • Carter allowed the Shah to come into the US for cancer treatment

  • Iran b/cm mad at US and invaded the America Embassy- took 52 hostages for 444 days

    • Carter tried diplomacy and econ ideas to try to free the hostages

    • In April 1980 Carter attempted an air rescue but it failed

    • Hostages weren’t released until Regan was elected president

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SALT II

  • The SALT II treaty, signed in 1979, was a bilateral agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union aimed at limiting strategic nuclear weapons. It aimed to replace the earlier Interim Agreement and established numerical equality in nuclear delivery systems, with limits on MIRV missiles (missiles with multiple, independent warheads). Despite being signed, the treaty was never ratified by the U.S. Senate, primarily due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, which effectively killed its chances of passing

  • But a ceiling of 2400 nuclear launchers

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MX Missile

  • Holds 10 war heads

  • The MX missile, also known as the Peacekeeper, was a U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) developed and deployed from 1986 to 2005. It was a highly advanced, MIRV-capable missile, capable of delivering multiple nuclear warheads to targets thousands of miles away. 

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USSR invaded Afghanistan

  • US response

    • banned technology to Russia

    • embargoed grain

    • draft registration began again

    • boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics

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Moral Majority

  • A neoconservatism group

    • reaffirmed capitalism and what was right about America v. Negative

  • Didn’t like Engle v. Vitale

    • outlawed forced school prayer

  • Wanted to bring back Christian Morals to America

    • Christian beliefs being forced into the gov

  • Helped Regan win the presidency

  • Leader was Jerry Falwell

    • fundamentalist group dedicated to preserving the “American way of Life”

    • fight pornography, obscenity, vulgarity, and profanity

    • Invited Roman Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Mormons, Nonreligious

      • so it doesn’t look like just Christians

      • And Wanted everyone to be moral

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Election of 1980

  • “Regan Revolution”

  • Regan won easily b/c they didn’t like Carter

    • Iran Hostage Crisis

    • Inflation high

  • The people wanted change

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Supply side economics

  • Andrew Mellon’s idea

  • Reduce taxes so the UC had more $ to put back into their businesses

    • more factories built, so more jobs for Americans

      • Works in the 80s

      • In the 90s companies realized they could go to other countries and get the same work for cheaper

  • 1st- cut federal spending

    • $41 billion from the budget

    • Social Services (food stamps) reduced

    • reduce public service jobs, student loans, and mass transit

      • with the student loans the gov would take $ out of their pay check- Garnishment

  • 2nd- cut taxes

    • wanted 25% in 3 yrs

    • congress offered 30% in 2 yrs

    • 5% 1st, 10% 2nd and 3rd yrs

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Drew Lewis

  • Secretary of Transportation

  • reduced the restrictions on the auto industry that were put in the 1970s

    • said carbon emissions need to be reduced

    • need fuel efficiency

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PATCO 1981

  • the air traffic controllers union had a strike

    • was controlled by the gov

      • Regan fired them all when they went on strike and replaced them with new workers

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Social Security under Regan

  • Increased 500% since 1970

    • econ was going up so more people were taking out than was put in

  • 1983 changes

    • Gradual increase in retirement age- 65

    • Delayed cost of living increased for 6 months

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Abandoned Detente

  • Regan abandoned Nixon’s foreign policy

    • sent 572 missiles to W. Europe to scared Russia

      • nuclear war heads

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Strategic Defense Initiative

  • “Star Wars”

  • put satellites into space that have mirrors that reflect lasers that will hit and destroy missiles from enemies

    • lasers move at the speed of light which is faster than the missiles

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ICBMs

During the Reagan presidency, ICBMs played a significant role in US military strategy, both as a deterrent and as part of the Cold War arms race. The Reagan administration focused on modernizing the ICBM force, including the deployment of new missiles like the Peacekeeper missile and the Small Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (SICBM). 

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Nicaragua/Sandinistas

  • Communist Sandinistas overthrew the Samoza in 1979

  • Cut off aid to Nicaragua

  • 1983 sent money to Nicaragua from Alexander Haig

  • Congress “NO”

  • CIA supported the Cantras

  • Boland Amendment

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El Salvador/Contras

  • The Contras, also known as the Contra guerrillas, were an anti-Sandinista rebel group that played a significant role in the Nicaraguan Revolution and the wider Central American conflict. El Salvador was also deeply involved in this conflict, as the Salvadoran Civil War (1979-1992) was part of the same regional crisis, with both countries' governments supported by the United States and the guerrilla groups receiving support from other countries. 

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PLO/Lebanon

  • June 6, 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon to get Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

  • Lebanon has civil War

  • US forced to help restore order

  • Terrorists use truck to kill 239 marines

    • US pulls out

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Iran-Contra Affair

  • John Poindexter replaced McFarlene in NSC

  • sold TOW/ Hawk missiles to Iran

    • money got from selling weapons was sent to Contras

      • illegal under the Boland amendment

  • People think that Regan authorized it b/c the NSC’s job is advise the president with National security

  • North and Poindexter prosecuted

    • took the blame for Regan

    • Regan either lied or didn’t know what the NSC was doing

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Oliver North

  • Head of NSC

    • job is advise the president on national security

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Boland Amendment

  • 1984

  • prohibited any US agency from spending money in Central America

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Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty

  • US and Russia would remove and destroy all immediate missiles in Europe

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America with Disabilities Act

  • 1991- prohibited discrimination against the disabled in hiring, transportation, and public accommodations

  • 1992- all public buildings, restaurants, and stored had to create an access to their building that was accessible for handicapped people

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Tiananmen Square

  • May 1989 students protest b/c they are mad after seeing the capitalistic econ in China

    • June 4-5 all communication outside China was cut off

      • repression occurs, killed many, and military gov and police take over

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Mikhail Gorbachev

  • leader of Russia 1985

  • USSR downfall

    • was going Bankrupt and Regan used that to destroy them

    • Perestroika- makes Russia econ more capitalistic

    • Glasnost- talk to countries they didn’t like to open markets

  • 1989 takes Russia out of Afghanistan

    • last effort

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Savings and Loan Issue

  • people put savings and loans into mom and pop type shop banks

    • weren’t covered by FDIC

    • many failed so Bush merged strong and weak ones and regulated the surviving one

    • 1992 $700 billion in cost

      • those that put their money into the savings and loans knew it wasn’t covered by FDIC

      • people b/cm upset b/c why are they paying for those peoples mistake