CHAPTER 3 & 4 - study questions

A&P

Some substances can pass through the plasma (cell) membrane and some cannot. As a result, the membrane is

called ___________.

a. permeable c. impermeable

b. selectively permeable d. penetrable

b. selectively permeable

All of the following are components of the plasma membrane except

a. lipids. c. carbohydrates.

b. proteins. d. nucleic acids.

d. nucleic acids.

Enzymes associated with protein synthesis would be found in the _____________,

a. mitochondria c. lysosomes

b. ribosomes d. Golgi bodies

b. ribosomes

Secretory vesicles are produced by the ______________.

a. ribosomes

b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

c. Golgi apparatus

d. rough endoplasmic reticulum

c. Golgi apparatus

Cell structures that can move fluids and mucus over or along the surface of the cells are the ___________.

a. cilia c. microvilli

b. flagella d. basal bodies

a. cilia

Particles moving down a concentration gradient describes

a. active transport.’ c. osmosis.

b. diffusion. d. filtration.

b. diffusion.

When cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, the cells will tend to

a. rupture (lyse). c. shrink.

b. increase in permeability. d. lose water.

a. rupture (lyse).

The process that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell is

a. mitosis. c. cytokinesis.

b. meiosis. d. prophase

b. meiosis.

The majority of the genetic material of the cell can be found in the _____________.

a. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi bodies

b. ribosomes d. nucleus

d. nucleus

DNA in nondividing cells exists as

a. chromosomes. c. nucleotides.

b. chromatin. d. ribonucleic acid.

b. chromatin.

The fluid mosaic model is a theory that describes the structure of the

a. microtubules. c. plasma membrane.

b. chromosome. d. gametes

c. plasma membrane.

The most abundant lipid molecules in the plasma membrane are the

a. glycolipids. c. cholesterol.

b. phospholipids d. triglycerides.

b. phospholipids

The diffusion of ________ across a selectively permeable membrane is osmosis.

a. water c. sodium

b. sugar d. oxygen

a. water

When red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the cells will

a. gain water and swell. c. neither gain nor lose water.

b. lose water and shrink. d. gain sodium and swell.

b. lose water and shrink.

The movement of oxygen from the air sacs of the lungs into the bloodstream is the result of

a. diffusion. c. active transport.

b. osmosis. d. facilitated diffusion.

a. diffusion.

The sodium‐potassium pump

a. actively moves potassium into the cells.

b. actively moves sodium into the cells.

c. passively moves potassium out of the cells.

d. passively moves sodium into the cells.

a. actively moves potassium into the cells.

The Krebs’ cycle

a. takes place in the mitochondria.

b. requires the presence of oxygen.

c. does not use oxygen in its reactions.

d. all of the above are true.

d. all of the above are true.

The ______________ is surrounded by a double membrane with cristae on the inner membrane.

a. nucleus c. mitochondrion

b. endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus

c. mitochondrion

Muscle fibers require a large amount of ATP to function so they contain numerous ___________.

a. nuclei c. glucose molecules

b. mitochondria d. ribosomes

b. mitochondria

The information for the formation of a protein is copied from DNA to messenger RNA during _____________.

a. transcription c. replication

b. translation d. translocation

a. transcription

___________ is the ultimate form of energy produced during cellular respiration.

a. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) c. Triglyceride

b. Creatine phosphate (CP) d. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

d. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Cellular respiration requires ________________ to produce energy.

a. carbohydrates d. protein

b. glucose e. glucose and oxygen

c. oxygen

e. glucose and oxygen

Translation requires

a. messenger RNA (mRNA) c. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

b. transfer RNA (tRNA) d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Enzymes are

a. specific. d. regulated.

b. mostly proteins. e. All of the above are true.

c. biological catalysts.

e. All of the above are true.

Which of the following processes can only occur in a living cell?

a. osmosis d. active transport

b. facilitated diffusion e. simple diffusion

c. filtration

d. active transport

Cells specialized for the absorption of materials from the extracellular fluid have an abundance of _________.

a. cilia c. microvilli

b. flagella d. lysosomes

c. microvilli

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate forms ___________________.

lactic acid (lactate)

Energy is ___________

 the ability to do work

Each enzyme is _______, acting only on a particular molecule which is called its ______.

specific; substrate 

Movement against a concentration gradient is _____________________.

active transport 

Mitochondria function to __________________________.

produce ATP 

The plasma membrane is mainly composed of ________________.

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is called selectively permeable because _____________.

not all molecules can freely move through the plasma membrane

If a cell is losing water to its environment, the environment must be __________.

hypertonic

Channels in the plasma membrane are composed of ___________.

proteins

The cell organelle that is involved in making adenosine triphosphate is the ______.

mitochondrion

The Golgi apparatus functions to __________________________.

modify, package, and distribute molecules (proteins), make lysosomes

The electron transport chain is located in ____________________.

mitochondrion

The products of cellular respiration are ______, ______ and _______.

 carbon dioxide, water, energy as heat and ATP

If a cell is gaining water from its environment, the environment must be _______.

 hypotonic 

Lysosomes function to __________________________.

get rid of unwanted materials, digest cellular components, apoptosis, recycle materials

Vesicles are formed by __________________________.

 the Golgi apparatus (complex) or the plasma membrane

All but 2 ATPs are formed in the cell by __________________________.

 Krebs’ cycle and electron transport (aerobic respiration) 

Oxygen acts as the ________ at the end of the electron transport chain.

final electron acceptor

The third phosphate of ATP is attached by a _________________.

 high energy bond 

Active sites are _____________________________.

 the binding sites on enzymes for the substrate 

In anabolism, larger molecules are ___________________.

synthesized (made)

Movement with or down a concentration gradient is _____________.

 passive transport 

The nucleus is enclosed by _____________________.

 nuclear envelope 

The nucleolus is the site of ____________________.

 ribosome synthesis

Aerobic reactions are different than anaerobic reactions in that _____________.

they use oxygen

Glycolysis is referred to as the _____________ phase of respiration.

 anaerobic

Without enough ATP, cells _____________.

die

In catabolism, larger molecules are ________________.

 broken down

Facilitated diffusion requires a ______________.

 carrier protein

Substances diffuse ____________ a concentration gradient.

down or with

Whether passive transport occurs by osmosis, simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion, it always involves a movement of particles from a region of _______ concentration to a region of ______ concentration.

high; low

Glycolysis occurs in _________________.

the cytoplasm

The function of the endoplasmic reticulum is _______________________.

RER-make proteins, SER-make lipids

Control of substances entering and then leaving the cell is a major function of the ________________.

plasma membrane

If liquid is taken in through endocytosis, this process is called ____________.

pinocytosis

The ________ contains various kinds of enzymes capable of breaking down all of the main components of the cell.

 lysosome

Finger‐like projections that can be found on cells in the small intestine and increase surface area are the ___________.

 microvilli

_____________ are cell connections where membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other.

Gap junctions

_____________ means that the membrane only allows certain things to pass into or out of a cell.

 Selectively permeable

Plasma membranes are composed of ___ layers of molecules called _________.

 2; phospholipids

The model of the cell membrane is often described as being a _____________.

fluid mosaic model

________ is the random movement of particles resulting in their movement from a region of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration.

Diffusion

Passive transport means that the cell does not have to use ______ to move these substances into or out of the cell.

ATP (energy)

If a cell must transport something from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration, the cell must use ______ to create this movement.

ATP (energy)

___________ is the process by which a cell uses the plasma membrane to surround and take in large particles.

Phagocytosis

The reverse of endocytosis by which cells rid themselves of wastes or expel useful substances needed elsewhere is __________.

Exocytosis

A gene is ________________________________.

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

A three-base sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid is called a ________________.

Codon

DNA replication is ________________________________.

 the process whereby DNA is copied, semiconservative

The enzyme that makes tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA is called _____________________________.

RNA polymerase

The enzyme that makes the complementary strand of DNA is called _________________________.

DNA polymerase

The enzyme that unwinds DNA is called ___________________________.

Helicase

DNA replication occurs during __________ phase of _____________________.

 S; interphase

Most organelles double ____________________________.

 during G1

The majority of ATP is made during ___________________________________________.

electron transport