Anatomy Module II

how many thoracic vertebrae and discs and ribs does the thoracic cage have

12

what are costal cartilages

hyaline cartilage connecting ribs to sternum

what are the different parts of the sternum (list them from superior to inferior)

jugular notch
manubrium

sternal angle

body

xipohid process

how many different types of ribs are there and what are their names (note nostalgia margin)

1-7 true ribs (directly articulate)

8-10 false ribs (indirect attachment to superior cartilage)

11-12 floating ribs

costal margin (the false ribs all joining at this border to attach at the xipohid process)

what is the location of the intercostal nerve, artery, and vein

costal grove on its internal, inferior surface

what are the three things the rib articulates with

the vertebral body above, below, and the transverse process of the vertebra at the same level

(ex: 7th rib articulates with 6th and 7th vertebral body, but articulates with 7th transverse process)

what two muscles actually move the ribs

external and internal intercostal

what direction do the fibers run for the external intercostals

superior lateral —> inferior medial

what direction do the fibers of the internal intercostals run

inferior lateral —> superior medial

what are the 3 roles of the external intercostals

elevate the ribs

increase thoracic volume

aid inspiration

role of the internal intercostals

depress ribs

decrease thoracic volume

assist during forced exhale

what is the role of the serratus posterior superior (SPS)

Lifts upper ribs during inspiration

Increases upper thoracic volume

Assist inspiration

what is the role of the serratus posterior inferior (SPI)

holds lower ribs steady during inhalation

provides a stable base for diaphragm contraction

stabilizes the lower ribs

what does the diaphragm seperate

the abdominal cavity and thoracic

what is the diaphragm innervated by

bilateral phrenic nerves (C3, 4, 5)

does the diaphragm ascend or descend during inspiration

descends

in the diapphragm, when does the caval opening start

T8 (inferior vena cava - bring deoxygenated blood to heart)

in the diaphragm, where does the esophageal hiatus open

T 10

in the diaphragm, where does the aortic hiatus open

T12

where does the phrenic nerve innervate

the diaphragm in the mediastinum (lateral to the pericardium)

what are considered the arterial great vessels

brachiocephalic trunk

left common carotid artery

left subclavian artery

(off of the arch of the aorta)

what are considered the venous “great vessels”

left and right brachiocephalic veins (BCV) (continuous with the subclavian veins in the root of the neck)

Superior Vena Cava (formed by the union of the left and right BCVs) (returns all blood from structures superior to the diaphragm, except heart and lungs)

what are the branches off of the trachea

right and left main bronchi

the esophagus is continuous from the…

pharynx and the stomach (passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm, and ends at the cardiac region of the stomach)

where does the thoracic aorta end at

level of the T12 vertebra (where it enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus)

when does the name of the thoracic aorta change

when it reaches the abdomen —> abdominal aorta

what are the two layers the pleural sac is made of

visceral pleura (on the surface of the lungs)

parietal pleura (lines the thoracic wall)

in the pleural cavity, what does the fluid allow for

allows parietal and visceral pleura to slide smoothly against each other during respiration

true or false, does the apical portion of the lungs extend above the first rib into the root of the neck

true

how many lobes does the left lung have

2 (oblique fissure) (upper and lower lobes)

how many lobes does the right lung have

3 (oblique, horizontal fissures) (upper, middle, and lower)

why is the left lobe smaller than the right

to make room for the heart

what is the function of the pulmonary artery

transport poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs

what is the function of the pulmonary veins

returns well oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heartwh

what is the process of oxygenating blood

(pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, then passes the pulmonary capillaries for the gas exchange, then the blood drains into the pulmonary veins, which return the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart)

what is the orientation of the heart

about 1/3 of the heart lies to the right of the midline and 2/3 to the left, and the apex is the tip of the left ventricle

how many layers the fibrous layer in the pericardium

one layer

how many layers is the serous layer in the pericardium

two: visceral and parietal (and between the two is the pericardial cavity)

in an infant what is the hole that is supposed to close

fossa ovalis

in the fossa ovalis what is it a remnant of

foramen ovale

what can the auricle do (hint: does something for the atrium)

increase capacity of the atrium

what side does the opening of the coronary sinus open to

right side only

what is the purpose of the coronary sinus

drains venous blood from the heart

what is the function of the chordae tendinae

stabilize valve cusps

what is the function of the papillary muscle

contract to tighten chordae tendinae

which artery is most commonly blocked in the heart

left anterior descending artery

in the coronary arteries does it supply the heart with oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

oxygenated bloodw

where does the coronary artery branch from

the ascending aorta

in the venous drainage where does the coronary sinus drain to

the right atrium

what is the function of the coronary sinus

collects all the deoxygenated blood

what three veins/sinuses carry deoxygenated blood into the heart

superior, inferior vena cavas and the coronary sinus

what is the acronym CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

what is the function of the abdominal wall musculature

protect the abdominal viscera from injury

adjust intraabdominal pressure and assist in expiration

move the trunk and help to maintain posture

list the several bony landmarks of the pelvis

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

iliac crest

pubic tubercle

pubic symphysis

what are the two flat muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

external oblique

internal oblique

for the abdominal wall muscles, what is the structure where they all end in a strong sheetlike….

aponeurosis (instead of a tension!) the aponeuroses of these muscles interlace at the line alba (LA)

what direction do the fibers run for the external oblique muscle

hands in pocket

superior lateral —> inferior medial

what is the structure (hint: ligament) where the lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis form

inguinal ligament

where does the inguinal ligament pass between

the ASIS and the pubic tubercle

to remember the muscle groups that are active for the oblique muscles, what is the rule to remember?

internal goes to the same side, and external to the opposite

what is the peritoneum

a continuous bilayered membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds the viscera (organs)

what are the two layers of the peritoneum

the parietal: lining the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall

visceral peritoneum: investing the viscera such as the stomach and intestines

what organs are included in the digestive system

GIT:

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

digestion:

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

what is the esophagus continuous with, pass through (and at what level), and end

continuous with the pharynx

passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm (at level T10 vertebrae)

ends by entering the stomach at the cardiac region of the stomach

what is the function of the stomach

mechanically and chemically digest (via the autonomic nervous system)

list the regions of the stomach

cardiac region

fundus

body

pyloric (containing the sphincter)

what does the pyloric sphincter do

regulates the passage of food into the duodenum

what are the three regions of the small intestine and their functions

duodenum: digestion

Jejunum: absorption

Ileum: absorption

what are the regions of the large intestine (colon)

cecum

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

what is the function of the large intestine (colon)

absorb water and salta

transmit waste

what is the function and location of the appendix

a pouch that extends from the intestine which contains masses of lymphoid (immune) tissue

it arises from the cecum inferior to the ileocecal junction

what type of cells does the appendix contain

immune cells

how many lobes does the liver have, what its location, and function

lobes: two

function: filters blood from the GI tract (removes toxins, starts to break down ingested substances) produces bile

location: primarily on the right side protected by the lower ribs

draw the hepatic circulation

(refer to slides)

what is the function of the portal vein

collects deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood from the abdominal part of the GI tract (including the gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen) and carries it to the liverw

what is the function of the hepatic vein

carries filtered blood to the IVC

where does the liver filter blood from

the GI tract

the tissue of the liver is suppled by:

the hepatic artery

what is the function and location of the gall bladder

function: store and concentrates the bile which was produced by the liver

location: lies on the posterior surface of the liver

what is the function and location of the pancreas

function: produces hormone that regulate metabolism and also produced digestive enzymes

location: the upper lumbar region and is closely associated wit hate duodenum of the small intestine