Societies in Transition

When were the 95 theses published?

1517

How did the printing press affect the protestant reformation?

It allowed for widespread and fast dissemination of ideas

Gutenberg’s Invention

The printing press in 1439

John Calvin’s four things

• Protestants in Geneva

• Concept of predestination

• Strict moral codes

• Calvanism across Europe

English reformation

1530’s

The Council of Trent

1545-63 and defined core Catholic doctrines

The Thirty Years’ War

1618-1648, was sparked by the Holy Roman Emperor’s attempt to enforce Catholicism

The Edict of expulsion

Signed in 1492, kicked Jews and later Muslims out of Spain

Peace of Ausburg

Signed in 1555, allowed Germanic Princes to determine the religon of their provences

Indulgences

Could be purchased from the catholic church in exchange for salvation

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire

1519-1521

Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire

1530’s -40’s

English Civil War

1642-1651

Spanish conquest of the carribean begins

1500

Columbus lands in the Americas

1492

Silver is discovered in Potosi

1545

Peninsulares

Spanish-born officials in the Americas

The council of the Indies

Formed in 1524 and tried to oversee colonial administration

The Dutch East India Company was founded

1602

Encomienda

A system of spanish colonialism that granted spaniards control of labour for (often fictional) protection and christain instruction

Obedezco pero no cumplo

An idea demonstrated by the lag between problems occuring and commands being issued from the king in spain

Euan Cameron says

The protestant reformation was not a single event, but a series of of religious, political, and social upheavals that fragmented christian europe.

The Spanish Inquisition

1478 - 1834

The Taqui Onqoy Revolt

In the 1560’s

Was a movement to reject spanish goods and caltholcism through traditional dances and rituals

Compadrazgo

A system of godparentage in colonial america

How did the Thirty Year’s War end?

The peace of Westphalia

When did the Spanish Reconquer New Mexico

1692

Criollos

American-born Spaniards

Pueblo Revolt

• Led by Po’pay

• Spanish colonies expelled from New Mexico

• 1680

The Black Legend

exagerated and often inaccurate portrayal of spanish colonialism as worse than their rivals

The Requerimiento

• issued in 1513

• A legal document read by conquistors to indigenous people demanding the acceptance of spanish authority

Confessiolization theorists on the reformation

The reformation was top-down controlled and focused on state-building

Social historians view on the reformation

The Reformation allowed for greater economic control and supression of the masses

Mestizos

Descendants of Spaniards and indigenous people

Caciques

Inca Nobility that were in charge of their subjects under spanish supervision

Were exempt from paying tribute and forced labour

Incan Economy

Redistributive economy

Women in the inca empire

they could have high positions as priestesses

Reducciones

A resetlement programme started in 1570 to move indigenous people into spanish-style towns

Extirpacion de idolatrias

A series of campaigns which aimed to force conversion.

Torture was used for claims of heresy

Huacas

Andean ritual sites that were destroyed in the extirpacion de idolatrias and the reducciones systems

Casa de Contratacion

Established in 1503

regulated mining imports and authorised trade voyages, allowed for a spanish monopoly

Peru’s main sectors

Mining and Agriculture

Mining techniques

Spanish lacked knowledge of traditional extraction methods and metallurgy, so relied on native techniques

Consulado

A merchant’s guild, which had a monopoly due to the casa de contratacion

Spanish man discovers

indigenous populations still practicing their rituals (taqui onqoy) in 1570

Laws Of Burgos

1512, advocated for the right treatment and granted indigenous people the right to convert to christianity

New Laws

-1542

attempted to deal with exploitation and mistreatment of indigenous populations