Main Points

osmotic gradient

The kidneys create and use an _____ to regulate urine concentration and volume

produce offspring , gametes , sex hormones

The function of the reproductive system is to _____. The gonads produce ____ , and _____.

accessory organs

All other reproductive organs except the gonads are ____.

primary sex organs , homologous

The gonads are the _____. The gonads are ____ structures.

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

In both males and females, secretion of reproductive hormones is regulated by interactions along the ______.

hypothalamus , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) , luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), produced by the ____, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ______ and ______.

steroid hormones

FSH and LH stimulate the secretion of _____ from the gonads.

HPG axis

Beginning at puberty, the _____ becomes established.

Meiosis , two consecutive nuclear divisions

____, the basis of gamete production, consists of _____ without DNA replication in between.

half , genetic variability

Meiosis reduces the chromosomal number by ___ and introduces ____.

testes , slightly lower

The scrotum contains the ___. It provides a temperature ____ than body temperature, as required to produce viable sperm.

tunica albuginea , lobules , seminiferous tubules

Each testis is covered externally by a _____ that extends internally to divide the testis into many ____. Each lobule contains sperm-producing _____.

external surface , sperm maturation , storage

The epididymis hugs the ____ of the testis and serves as a site for _____ and ____.

ductus (vas) deferens , urethra , peristalsis

The ____, extending from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct, propels sperm into the ____ by ____ during ejaculation.

urinary bladder , tip of penis

The urethra extends from the ____ to the ______. It conducts semen and urine to the body exterior.

erectile , engorgement , erection

The penis is largely ___ tissue. _____ of the erectile tissue with blood causes the penis to become rigid, an event called ____.

pubic symphysis , ischial tuberosities , coccyx

The male perineum, which suspends the scrotum and penis, is the region encompassed by the _____, _____, and ____.

accessory glands

The male ______ produce the bulk of semen.

seminal glands , prostate, bulbo-urethral glands

The male accessory glands include the _____, _____ , and the _____.

fructose , seminal glands , prostate , bulbo-urethral

Semen contains ____ from the _____, an activating fluid from the ____, and mucus from the ____ glands.

alkaline fluid , nutrients , prostaglandins , antibiotic chemicals

Semen is an _____ that dilutes and transports sperm. Important chemicals in semen are ____, _____, and ____.

erection , ejaculation , parasympathetic

The male sexual response includes ___ and ___. _____ reflexes control erection.

male duct system , sympathetic , pulse and blood pressure

Ejaculation is expulsion of semen from the _____, promoted by the ____ nervous system. Ejaculation is part of male orgasm, which also includes pleasurable sensations and increased ____ and ____.

Spermatogenesis , seminiferous tubules

_____, the production of male gametes in the _____, begins at puberty.

connective tissue , seminiferous tubules

Interstitial endocrine cells, located in _____ between _____, secrete testosterone.

testosterone

Interstitial endocrine cells secrete _____

mitosis , germ cell line , progeny , meiosis I

Spermatogonia divide by ____ to maintain the _____. Some of their ____ become primary spermatocytes, which undergo ____ to produce secondary spermatocytes.

blood testis barrier , spermatogenic cells , lumen , secrete fluid

Sustentocytes form the _____, nourish _______, move them toward the ___ of the tubules, and ______ for sperm transport.

meiosis II , haploid (n) spermatids.

Secondary spermatocytes undergo ____, each producing two _____.

functional sperm , superfluous cytoplasm , acrosome , flagellum

Spermiogenesis converts spermatids to ____, stripping away ____ and producing an ___ and a ____.