Honors American History Mrs. Coleman WCHS Industrialization Through Progressivism

Urbanization

Making rural areas more urban

Major causes of urbanization in America

Machines were replacing people and mass immigration

Causes for the Great Migration

They moved for better cultural experiences and for work in manufacturing jobs in the north, they called it the land of freedom

Inventor of the elevator

Elisha Otis

Significance of the elevator

It allowed cities to grow vertically

What was the first skyscraper in the world?

Home Insurance Building

Tenements

Low-cost apartment buildings designed to house several families in crammed conditions

What problems were associated with tenement living?

Overcrowding, poor ventilation, lack of plumbing, disease, etc.

Who was Jacob Riis?

He was a journalist and a photographer

What impact did Jacob Riis have on America?

He called attention to thousands in New York who were forced to live in extreme poverty with little hope for a bright future

Events of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Something started a huge fire in a factory that caused 146 people to die due to lack of safety

What conditions did the garment workers try to fix during the strike prior to the fire?

Adequate ventilation, safety, and fire drills

Major hazards associated with the Triangle Factory

Locked door to stairs, boxes crowding the exit, ladders weren't long enough, communication system wasn't efficient, no sprinkler system, cluttered workspace, flammable oil

Long lasting impact of the fire

Many safety precautions were added to public areas to prevent another tragedy like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Original purpose of the KKK

It originally started off as a secret fraternity club

Leader of the KKK

Nathan Bedford Forrest

What did the KKK do in the South post- Civil War?

They attacked political and social leaders of the black community for refusing to work for whites, having jobs whites wanted, arguing with whites, reading a newspaper, having books in their house, just being black, etc.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to former slaves

15th Amendment

Guaranteed black men voting rights

Purpose of poll taxes

An attempt to strip black men of their voting rights

Target of poll taxes

African Americans under poor circumstances

Purpose of literacy tests

An effective tool used between the 1850s and the 1960s used to deprive African Americans of their voting rights

Target of literacy tests

African Americans or sometimes poor whites

Origination of literacy tests

First started in Connecticut, and state legislatures made it part of voting registration in the late 19th century

Purpose of the grandfather clause

To deny suffrage to African Americans

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Difference in segregation between the North and South

Segregation was mandated by law in the South but not in the North

Ida B Wells background

She was a journalist and a former Memphis teacher, she started a campaign against lynching

What did Ida B Wells encourage the black community to do to respond to lynchings?

Boycott white owned stores and public transportation

Booker T. Washington background

He was a born slave that sought out to help other African Americans in need of an education

Major civil rights focus of Booker T. Washington

Advocating for African Americans for vocational education and economic self-improvement

Leader of the Niagara Movement

W.E.B Du Bois

Purpose of the Niagara Movement

To form an organization that would offer a militant alternative to Booker T. Washington

Depiction of African Americans in The Birth of a Nation

It showed them dominating Southern whites and sexually forcing themselves upon white women

Impact on race relations in the North from The Birth of a Nation

The Northerners changed their views on African Americans especially since the President was reinforcing it and they were happy about the film

Lynching

The killing of one or more black people by white mobs or entire communities with little to no consequences

Areas of America with the highest lynching rates

Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and South Carolina

Top 3 states with highest lynching rate

Louisiana, Mississippi, and Georgia

Original meaning of Jim Crow

A very stereotypical black character that was played by Thomas Dartmouth Rice (one of the first performers to wear blackface)

Eventual meaning of Jim Crow

For half a century it was used as a racial slur, but by the end of the 19th century it was used to describe laws and customs that oppressed blacks

What stereotypes were created of African Americans by Jim Crow?

They characterized blacks as lazy, ignorant, superstitious, hypersexual, and prone to thievery and cowardice

Areas of American life regulated by Jim Crow laws

White people weren't allowed to play with black people, be handcuffed to a black person, receive a haircut from a black person, get married to a black person, publicly accept intermarriage, attend the same schools as black children, get pregnant from a black person, have the same accommodations as black people on trains, or share a telephone booth with a black person

General background of Plessy v Ferguson

It began when Homer Plessy, an extremely light-skinned man, deliberately boarded a white-only train car in New Orleans

Main Constitutional issue of Plessy v Ferguson

Whether a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal" railroad accommodations for black and white passengers violated the 14th Amendment

How did the Supreme Court decide Plessy v Ferguson?

They decided that segregation laws did not violate the Constitution as long as the facilities provided were "separate but equal"

What is the "separate but equal" doctrine?

It allowed segregation as long as the facilities provided to different races were considered "equal"

How did the "separate but equal" doctrine change America?

It legally allowed segregation across the country, allowing states to enforce Jim Crow laws

When did the Tulsa Race Massacre occur?

May 31 and June 1 1921

Where did the Tulsa Race Massacre occur?

Tulsa, Oklahoma

What event increased racial tensions before the Tulsa Race Massacre?

A young black man (Dick Rowland) was riding the elevator with a white woman (Sarah Page) and he supposedly pushed her and he got tracked down and murdered

Why did the Tulsa Race Massacre happen?

Shots were fired outside of the courthouse which started the domino effect of gunshots and death

What role did people in power play in the Tulsa Race Massacre?

People in power either failed to act or actively contributed to the massacre, sheriffs even gave people guns

How many people were murdered in the Tulsa Race Massacre?

The exact number is uncertain but it is a range from 100-300

Progressivism

A period of social activism and political reform in the U.S. that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s

Why was there a need for reforming society?

Due to urban slums, a growing population, poor working conditions, crime, illiteracy, child labor, political corruption, and immorality

Who were some of the main reform groups?

Urban, educated, middle class, social workers, educators, journalists, politicians, social gospel workers, members of the clergy, settlement home workers, temperance workers/prohibitionists, republicans/democrats/other political parties

First main Progressive belief

The government should be more accountable to its citizens

Second main Progressive belief

The government should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests

Third main Progressive belief

The government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens

Fourth main Progressive belief

Governments should be more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle an expanded role

Muckrackers

Journalists focused on social conditions and government corruption

What were the significance of muckrackers in Progressive America?

They exposed some of the very bad conditions that people like the wealthy didn't see, and called for these conditions to change

Prohibition movement

18th Amendment banned alcohol; reduced national consumption of alcohol but was poorly enforced in cities. repealed by the 21st amendment

Why did purity crusaders feel prohibition was necessary?

To respond to issues like domestic violence, public intoxication, illness, work absenteeism, and poverty

What did direct primaries do?

Allowed voters to select their party's candidates directly (example: someone did not like who was an option for the democratic candidate, so you can vote for someone else)

What did the 17th Amendment do?

Allowed U.S. senators to be elected by popular vote

What did initiative do?

Allowed citizens to vote on new laws without the legislature (example: someone wants a law to be passed so they collect signatures to have it place on the ballot to have citizens whether or not to make the bill a law)

What did referendum do?

Allowed citizens to vote on existing laws (example: people didn't like the drinking age so they have the current law placed on the ballot to decide whether or not the law should remain)

What did recall do?

Allowed voters the ability to remove elected officials from office (example: citizens didn't like the mayor's leadership so they chose to vote them out of office before their term is over)

What did the United States Forest Service (1905) do?

It was created to manage the nation's water and timber resources

What did the Hepburn Act (1906) do?

Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) do?

Banned interstate shipping of impure food and deliberate mislabeling of food and drugs (example: someone who owns a pharmaceutical company fills his medicine capsules with unsafe substances ti cut costs and increase profit, so his products get prevented from making it to consumers)

What did the Meat Inspection Act (1906) do?

Required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions

What did the Department of Labor (1913) do?

It was created to promote the welfare and employment of working people

What did the 16th Amendment do?

Gave Congress the power to levy an income tax (progressive tax system)

What did the Federal Reserve Act (1913) do?

Created the Federal Reserve System of government banks to supervise private banks and provide a flexible money supply (example: a bank is experiencing financial hardships so the Federal Reserve gave them the necessary funds)

What did the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) do?

Prohibited companies from engaging in certain specific activities such as offering some types of rebates (example: prohibits allowing special rates and rebates to only select customers)

What did the National Park Service (1916) do?

It was created to administer the national parks (example: we are able to visit national parks)

What did the 18th Amendment do?

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor and was eventually repealed in 1933

What did the Women's Bureau (1920) do?

It was created within the Department of Labor to improve the status of working women