Age of revolutions

heliocentric theory

The sun is at the center of the universe

geocentric theory

Earth is the center of the Universe

What theory did Copernicus propose

Heliocentric theory

What was Galileo charged of and why

He suggested ideas of the heliocentric theory, claiming that it doesn't necessarily go against the Bible and that the Bible can be interpreted loosely, which led him to be charged with heresy.

Newton's beliefs and accomplishments

He followed the scientific method and developed various scientific ideas, such as the three laws of motion, universal law of gravitation, and calculus.

Scientific method

Established in the 17th century in Western Europe, a rational and systematic approach to answering and drawing conclusions to questions about the natural world

How did the Roman Catholic Church respond to scientific discoveries

The Church rejected the rising scientific discoveries and claimed it went against the bible, in fear of losing power over the people, their beliefs, and their actions. In order to maintain control over the people, the church defended their strict interpretation of the Bible and scriptures.

Who was Locke

An advocate for natural rights (life, liberty, property); believed people had the right to revolt against unjust governments

Who was Montesquieu

He proposed the separation of powers so no group of individual could gain control of the government

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau

He proposed the social contract theory, in which people agree to give up certain freedoms and rights for the next two years

Who was Thomas Hobbes

He believed that people should hand over their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order, - social contract

Social contract

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits

Separation of Powers

The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to prevent one branch from taking over.

Causes of the American Revolution

Taxation without representation/British policies, impact of Seven Year's War, Enlightenment

Causes of the French Revolution

Famine/Rising Bread Prices, debt/war, social class system, unfair taxes

What were the social classes like in France and how were they different

It was divided into three estates. In order of most superior was the first estate, then the second estate, and lastly the third estate. The first estate consisted of the clergy of the Catholic Church, the second consisted of nobles, and the third consisted of the "common people" ranging from peasants to bourgeoisies.

What was France's financial state during the French revolution

The involvement in numerous costly wars, poor management of finances, and food shortages contributed to the massive national debt and eventually their financial collapse.

What was the estates-general

Formed by Philip had representatives from all three groups of people: clergy, nobles, and townspeople. They discussed but failed to solve France's financial issues, leading to the formation of the National Assembly.

What was the Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

What occurred during the Storming of the Bastille and what was the impact

Armed Parisians gathered around and attacked the Bastille, the state prison, sending the message that they were upset at the tyranny of the monarchy. This symbolized the endo f the ancien regime and sparked the beginning of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

This was the period of intense violence and mass executions led by Robespierre who used revolutionary terror to maintain control and to eliminate threats to the revolution. Ended with Robespierre's execution.

Louis XVI

King of France (1771-1792) failed to manage France's financial crisis and other issues/struggles the people faced, and his indifference to it contributed to the outbreak of the revolution. He was executed during the Reign of Terror.

What is Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Describe Napoleon's rise and fall

He rose to power during the French Revolution, in which he became the Emperor of France and defeated their territory through military conquests. He fell in power during his defeat during the invasion of Russia, which led him to be exiled to Saint Helena.

Impact of the Napoleonic Wars

They spread revolutionary ideals, especially nationalism, and weakened traditional monarchies, but also contributed to the rise of independence movements in Latin America.

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the first successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture - successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island, led to the first black republic.

Toussaint Louverture importance and impact

Military leader, ruler of Saint Domingue, and liberator of slaves during the Haitian Revolution. He transformed Haiti into a free, independent republic against the French and other colonial forces.

European and American response to Haiti's independence

Threatened the institution of slavery, so they strongly opposed it in fear of the spread of revolutionary ideas.

Haiti's Economic Struggles

After gaining independence, Haiti faced economic decline and poverty due to the war - relied on agriculture

Napoleon's impact on Spain

Weakened Spanish control over its Latin American colonies and created a power vacuum, which allowed Creoles to seek independence

Creole Dissatisfaction

Creoles were frustrated with their lack of respect - no political power or privileges

Simon Bolivar

Leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Liberated Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru

Jose de San Martin

Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule, as well as the independence of Chile

Miguel Hidalgo

Priest who began the revolt, consisting of the peasants and people on the poor end of social classes, against Spanish rule in Mexico

Social divisians

Divided especially by race and skin color - Creoles, peninsulares, mestizos, prevented Haiti from gaining independence

European resistance

Especially Spain and Portugal, European monarchies were resistant to independence movements in fear of losing their power and authority over the colonies with the spread of revolutionary ideals.

Nationalism in Europe

Slowly gained strength by pushing education and culture to unify "the nation." - unification of Italy and Germany

Congress of Vienna

After Napoleon, aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe and attempted to suppress nationalist movements. However, it sparked more demands for unity and independence.

Italy vs Germany unification

Italy gained unification through diplomacy, while Germany gained unification through military conflict

Natural rights

The idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law - prevents one branch from becoming too powerful

Taxation without representation

The idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government - used by American colonists to protest against the taxes by the British government

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.

Enlightenment effect on traditional political/religious beliefs

It opened people's eyes to new possibilities that extended beyond the traditional ideals of the Catholic Church, emphasizing reason, individual rights, and challenged traditional authority

Why was the Estates-General of 1789 ineffective in addressing France's financial crisis?

The Third Estate, which was supposed to represent the common people, was instead underrepresented in favor of the clergy and nobility

What were the causes and effects of the Reign of Terror?

Fears of internal and external threats to the revolution.

What were the main reasons for Haiti's successful revolution?

The brutality of the slavery system sparked the desire for revolt, Louverture's strong and effective leadership, influence of French Revolution (liberty and equality)

How did the Napoleonic Wars contribute to the rise of nationalism in Europe?

Spread nationalist ideas and caused people in seek independence, while also strengthening national identity in countries resisting French rule.

What challenges did newly independent Latin American nations face?

Political/economic instability, social divisions, European intervention