Psych exam today!

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62 Terms

1

Cognition

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, memory, judgment, and problem-solving.

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2

Historical Theories in Psychology

Theories from philosophers like Socrates and Aristotle that laid the foundation for understanding the mind and cognition.

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3

Mind

Encompasses all cognitive processes and functioning, studied through various methods.

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4

Psychology as a Science

Psychology evolved from philosophical inquiries to scientific inquiry, using experiments to understand cognitive processes.

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5

Structuralism

A paradigm in psychology focused on the structure of mental processes.

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6

Functionalism

A psychological approach emphasizing the purpose of mental processes in adapting to the environment.

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7

Gestalt Psychology

Focuses on perception and holistic processing rather than individual components.

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8

Psychoanalysis

Emphasizes the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.

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9

Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behavior and dismisses mental processes as subjects of study.

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10

Cognitive Psychology

Returns to understanding the mind and internal cognitive processes.

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11

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Examines how machines can simulate human cognitive processes.

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12

Neurons Communication

Neurons communicate through electrical impulses and neurotransmitter release at synapses.

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13

Phineas Gage Incident

An accident involving a railroad worker that significantly affected his personality and advanced brain function understanding.

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14

Phrenology

An outdated theory suggesting personality traits could be determined by skull shape.

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15

Localization of Function

The concept that specific brain areas are responsible for particular functions.

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16

Cerebral Cortex

Involved in higher functions like thought and action.

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17

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement and balance.

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18

Brain Stem

Controls basic life functions like breathing.

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19

Limbic System

Involved in emotions and memory.

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20

Contralateral Organization

Each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body.

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21

Right Hemisphere

Associated with creativity, intuition, and spatial abilities.

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22

Left Hemisphere

Associated with logical reasoning, language, and analytical tasks.

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23

Split Brain Patients

Individuals who have undergone surgery to sever the corpus callosum, providing insights into hemispherical specialization.

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24

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Measures electrical brain activity and is useful for temporal resolution studies.

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25

ERP (Event-Related Potential)

A type of EEG that measures brain response to specific stimuli.

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26

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Provides detailed images of brain structure.

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27

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Measures brain activity and metabolism in real-time.

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28

Senses

Gather information from the environment through specialized sensory receptors.

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29

Visual System Function

Converts light into neural signals processed to create visual perception.

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30

What vs Where Pathways

The What pathway identifies objects, while the Where pathway is responsible for spatial awareness.

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31

Perception

The process of organizing, interpreting, and experiencing sensory information.

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32

Sensation vs. Perception

Sensation is the initial detection of stimuli; perception is their interpretation.

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33

Bottom-up Theories

Start with sensory input and build up to perception.

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34

Top-down Theories

Rely on prior knowledge and expectations influencing perception.

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35

Template Matching

Involves comparing incoming sensory data to stored templates.

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36

Feature Detection

Identifies basic features like edges and angles to recognize objects.

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37

Gestalt Psychology Principles

Emphasizes that the brain organizes sensory input into meaningful wholes.

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38

Size Illusions

Challenge perception of object size based on context.

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39

Depth Perception

The ability to perceive distance and three-dimensionality of objects.

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40

Regularities in Perception

Involves recognizing patterns and predicting perceptions based on past experiences.

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41

Bayesian Inference

A statistical approach combining prior knowledge with current evidence.

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42

Physical Regularities

Properties of objects and environments.

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43

Semantic Regularities

Meanings associated with certain objects or scenarios.

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44

Prosopagnosia

The inability to recognize faces, often due to damage to the fusiform gyrus.

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45

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Specialized for face processing, highlighted in expert studies.

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46

Treisman's Attenuation Model

Suggests unattended information is attenuated rather than filtered out.

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47

Late Selection Models

Argue selection occurs after perception, context can influence responses.

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48

Divided Attention

The ability to process multiple information sources simultaneously.

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49

Load Theory of Attention

Suggests attention capacity is affected by task perceptual load.

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50

Processing Capacity

The amount of information we can process at any given time.

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51

Perceptual Load

High load tasks consume more resources, affecting distraction capacity.

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52

Stroop Effect

Interference in reaction time when color names conflict with ink color.

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53

Inattentional Blindness

Failing to perceive unexpected stimuli when attention is focused elsewhere.

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54

Change Blindness

Failure to notice changes in a visual scene.

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55

Controlled vs. Automatic Processing

Difference between tasks requiring conscious attention and those that do not.

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56

Signal Detection Theory

Framework for understanding signal detection amidst noise.

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57

Vigilance & Fatigue

Prolonged attention can lead to fatigue and reduced task performance.

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58

Visual Search

The process of looking for a target among distractions.

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59

Selective Attention

Focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

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60

Cherry's Dichotic Listening Task

Experiment demonstrating selective attention by recalling details from one of two messages.

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61

Cocktail Party Effect

Ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment while detecting meaningful stimuli.

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62

Early Selection Model

Broadbent's Filter Model proposes attention acts as a filter based on physical characteristics.

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