Pharmacology Unit 2 NRSG 2100 Weber

Pharmacokinetics

how the body moves the drug from entrance to exit

Absorption

rate at which the drug leaves the site of administration

Transdermal

Slowest rate of absorption

IV

fastest onset of action

Bioavailability

amount of drug that is able to reach and act on its target

first pass effect

how much of the drug is metabolized by the liver

Distribution

transport of drugs within the body fluids to the tissues

free drug

any drug that is not bound to plasma proteins and able to act on its target

Blood flow, Blood Brain Barrier, placental barrier, protein binding

what 4 things might effect drug distribution?

Metabolism

changing of a drug to be more easily excreted

Inactive metabolites

metabolized drug that is inactivated for excretion

active metabolites

metabolized drug that is active after metabolism for excretion

prodrug

a drug that is inactive when absorbed but becomes active when metabolized

fat soluble, water soluble

metabolism generally changes drugs from _____ to _____

Induction, increases, decreases

when a drug causes enzymes to become more active:_____ this _______ drug metabolism and ______ the drug effect in the body

inhibition, decreases, increses

when a drug causes enzymes to become less active:___ this _____ drug metabolism and ______ the drug effect in the body

age, lifestyle, diet, habits, genetics

what are five factors that may effect metabolism?

Excretion

Elimination of a drug from the body

Renal secretion

most common route of elimination

Hepatic secretion

drugs secreted in bile may be recycled several times through the GI tract

Serum level

amount of drug in the blood

minimum effective concentration

amount of drug required for action

toxic concentration

amount of drug that causes toxic reactions

therapeutic range

between the MEC and the toxic concentration

therapeutic index

margin of safety of a drug

loading dose

a larger initial dose to quickly raise blood levels to their minimum effective concentration

peak

highest blood level of a drug

trough

lowest blood level of a drug

pharmacodynamics

how a drug acts on the body

onset

when minimum effective concentration is reached

duration

length of pharmacological action, (how long the drug stays above the MEC)

half life

amount of time it takes for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50%

potency

how strong the drug is- the smaller dose needed, the more _______ the drug has.

Efficacy

how well does the drug treat the disease? may need smaller or larger doses of different drugs

Receptors

drug binding sites

down regulation

desensitization of receptors ( may need to add more drug to get the same effect)

up regulation

drugs become more sensitive (drug fights against long periods of lacking stimulation)

selectivity

describes how many types of receptors the drug will effect

antacids, osmotic diuretics, nutrients

what are some examples of non receptor drugs?

primary action

labeled use of the drug might also be described as

secondary action

drowsiness is a _______ of diphenhydramine (benadryl)

adverse effect

something that occurs other than the desired effect

side effect

a minor adverse effect

hypersensitivity

an abnormal, exaggerated response to an antigen

anaphylaxis

serious allergic reaction that may lead to shock, bronchospasm, circulatory collapse, dyspnea, or arrythmias

idiosyncratic response

not an allergic response, but a weird and unexpected one.

carcinogen

a drug that may cause cancer

tetratogen

a drug that may cause birth defects

A

pregnancy category ____ are safest

B

pregnancy category ___ have not shown risks to fetus, but are not fully understood

C

pregnancy category ___ no animal studies have been conducted, or animal studies have shown adverse effects in the fetus

D

pregnancy category ____ have studies that show risk to the fetus

X

pregnancy category ___ should never ever be used in pregnancy

additive

drugs from similar classes work together (2+2=4)

synergystic

drugs from similar class produce a greater response than would be expected (2+2=5)

antagonistic

one drug blocks the effects of another (atropine for morphine toxicity)

displacement

displacing one drug from its binding site and creating more available free drug

binding

drug binds with another drug so neither can be absorped

tolerance

more of the drug is needed to reach the same effect (narcotics)

dependance

patient experiences withdrawl symptoms upon stopping the drug; may be physical or psychological

placebo effect

patient reports a benefit from a compound that has no chemical properties to produce an effect

identify drug, gastric levage, charcoal, bowel irrigation

what are four things you can do in case of a drug overdose?