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39 Terms
Iran
A country in the Middle East, known for its rich history and cultural heritage.
Persia
The historical name of Iran before 1935.
Farsi
The official language of Iran.
Koran
The holy book of Islam.
Muhammad
The prophet of Islam.
Shiism
The second largest branch of Islam, predominantly followed in Iran.
Ayatollah
A high-ranking title given to scholars in Shiite Islam.
Imam
An Islamic leadership position, especially in Shiism.
Mahdi
In Shiite belief, the Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam.
Constitutional Revolution
A political movement in early 20th century Iran aimed at creating a constitutional government.
Pahlavi, Reza Shah
Monarch who ruled Iran from 1925 to 1941.
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza
Monarch who ruled Iran from 1941 to 1979.
White Revolution
A series of reforms implemented by Mohammad Reza Shah in the 1960s.
SAVAK
The secret police organization under the Pahlavi rule.
Mosaddeq, Mohammad
An elected leader in Iran during the 1950s, known for nationalizing the oil industry.
Operation Ajax
A covert operation organized by the US and UK that led to the overthrow of Mosaddeq.
National Front
Political party led by Mosaddeq that aimed for Iran's independence.
Iran-Iraq War
A prolonged military conflict from 1980 to 1988 between Iran and Iraq.
Islamic Republic of Iran
The theocratic state established in Iran after the 1979 revolution.
Velayat-e faqih
The doctrine that a religious leader should hold political authority.
Islamism
A political ideology that seeks to implement Islamic principles in government.
Principalists
Those who advocate for a strict interpretation of Islamic law in politics.
Quietist
Those who believe religion should not play a direct role in politics.
Supreme Leader
The highest authority in Iran, currently Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
Expediency Council
An advisory body to the supreme leader that resolves disputes between the Majlis and the Guardian Council.
Guardian Council
The body that oversees elections and ensures legislation conforms to Islamic law.
Chief Justice
The head of the judiciary in Iran.
Revolutionary Guard
A branch of Iran's armed forces tasked with safeguarding the Islamic Revolution.
Basij
A paramilitary volunteer militia in Iran affiliated with the Revolutionary Guard.
Bonyads
Religious foundations that control a significant part of the Iranian economy.
Majlis
The Iranian parliament, responsible for passing legislation.
Assembly of Experts
A body of elected officials tasked with selecting and overseeing the supreme leader.
President of Iran
The head of government in Iran; elected by popular vote.
Pezeshkian, Mahsoud
The reformer elected president in 2024.
Raisi, Ebrahim
Conservative president elected in 2021, died in 2024.
Rouhani, Hassan
A reformer who served as president from 2013 to 2021.
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud
A highly conservative president of Iran from 2005 to 2013.
Khatami, Mohammad
A reformist president in office from 1997 to 2005.
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi
A president of Iran known for his pragmatic policies.