Pt 2 flashcards

Epiphysis

The ends of long bones.

Diaphysis

The long, cylindrical part of a bone.

Periosteum

Connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone.

Endosteum

Connective tissue lining the inner surface of bone.

Central canal (Haversian canal)

Contains blood vessels and nerves within compact bone.

Synarthrosis

Immovable joints, such as sutures in the skull.

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joints, like the shoulder and knee.

Amphiarthrosis

Joints with limited movement, such as the vertebrae.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone formation directly from mesenchymal tissue.

Endochondral ossification

Bone formation from cartilage.

Axial skeleton

Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Consists of the limbs and girdles attaching them to the axial skeleton.

Sinuses

Air-filled spaces in the skull bones.

Cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae (C1-C7) in the neck region.

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae (T1-T12) attached to the ribs.

Lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae (L1-L5) in the lower back.

Agonist muscles

Muscles that produce a movement.

Antagonist muscles

Muscles that oppose a movement.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter crucial for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.

Troponin

A protein that helps regulate muscle contraction.

Tropomyosin

A protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin.

Myelin sheath

Insulating layer around axons formed by oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS).

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system including the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

Sodium channels

Channels that open when a cell is stimulated, causing depolarization.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of cells.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

Formed when ATP loses a phosphate group, releasing energy.

Excitable muscle

Muscle that responds to stimuli.

Contractile muscle

Muscle that can shorten.

Extensible muscle

Muscle that can be stretched.

Elastic muscle

Muscle that returns to its original shape after stretching.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate faster nerve impulse conduction.