Greek History 2

King Xerxes

486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea. 486 BCE: Aged king Darius dies; his son Xerxes takes over. Takes over after King Darius dies and recaptures egypt and then stops thereThe Persian King who finally conquers Greece

Lycurgus of Sparta

the legendary lawgiver of Sparta who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Lycurgus Mythic Spartan King, c. 700-630BCE) and the Spartan Revolution. Lycurgus "Father" is Hercules. Lycurgus sister in law becomes widowed , but the baby is the son of the previous king (direct descendant to throne) Then she says she would go into exile but Lycurgus is a humble man who does not care. Lycurgus' travels the world after some time, Sparta calls him back to help (re) organize the government. In 525 BCE, Sparta gets involved in a war on the island of Samos (for a number of reasons) which ends badly for Sparta, making them really insular.

Lycurgus creates the Spartan Government: The mixed constitution

Cambyses the II, King of Persia

Cambyses II, also known as Cambyses the Great, was a prominent figure in ancient Persian history. He was the son of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, and reigned as the second Persian king from 530 to 522 BCE.

During his reign, Cambyses embarked on several military campaigns, expanding the Persian Empire further into Egypt, Nubia, and Libya. One of his most significant achievements was the conquest of Egypt in 525 BCE, which added substantial wealth and territory to the Persian Empire.

Thrace

Thrace is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe. Bounded by the Balkan Mountains to the north, the Aegean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea to the east, it comprises present-day southeastern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and the European part of Turkey, roughly the Roman Province of Thrace. 512/511 BCE: King Darius subjugates Thrace

Cyrus II of Persia (aka Cyrus the Great)

King Cyrus II of Persia (reigns c. 559-530 BCE). Conquers many Persia surrounding neighbors kick starting the Persian/Greco relations by approaching Lydia. During the 550s Persian King Cyrus is advancing Persia westward by conquering Medes. King Cyrus next annexes Assyria and Babylonia for Persia (H 1.177-216) King Cyrus believes next stop is Greece but wants to make certain no one is coming and attacking you from behind.

Artabanus

Artabanus the wise (he advice the king Darius to fight the Massagetai) tells king Xerxesit's a bade idea. Maronius appeals to Xerexes hubris. Artabanus the wise, hearing thus, tries to persuade Xerxes to abandon the campaign and then Xerxes sends him home. (H.47-53)

Mardonius

Mardonius, the son-in-law of Dariu gets called up by King Darius. Mardonius (who failed to invade Macedonia a few years earlier, you may recall), urges Xerxes to invade Greece (H. 7.5)

Mardonius says that he knows a way that they can conquer the Greeks. He also (appeals to Xerxes Hubris)

Artemisium

Naval battle where Athens was victorious over the Persians sinking seventy Persian ships. Naval Battle in 480 BCE that takes place at the same time as the battle of Thermopylae. 271 Greek shipsAround 800 Persian shipsEnds in a stalemate and a withdraw from Persia to make their way to Athens.

Revolt and Siege of Naxos

Aristagoras (Histiaueous son in law and first cousin) is deputy tyrant in Miletus. 502 BCE, Naxtos revolted from Persia.

Aristagoras proposes the idea to recapture Naxos to King Darius and is given 200 ships. Aristagoras and the Fleets commander quarrel. The admiral is fed up with Persian leadership and warns the Naxians of the attack.

Histiaeus and Aristagoras

Aristagoras (Histiaueous son in law and first cousin) is deputy tyrant in Miletus. Aristagoras, fearful of having to answer to King Darius, recves a bunch of steganography from Histiaeus urging he support the Ionian Revolt

-He gets a message from Histiaeus wants to give a message to Aristagoras and told that both of them should revolt from Ionia. Aristagoras liberates Ionia from Persian rule. Aristagoras flees to Thrace and dies there (H 5.126). Meanwhile King Darius sends Histraeus back to Miletus to try to calm things. Instead, Histiaeus raises an army against Persia. He's ultimately beheaded (

-Main story was However, according to Herodotus, Histiaeus was unhappy having to stay in Susa, and made plans to return to his position as King of Miletus by instigating a revolt in Ionia. In 499 BC, he shaved the head of his most trusted slave, tattooed a message on his head

Mt Athos

At this time a canal is dug through Mt. Athos (it takes around 3 years). This is what King Xerxes orders to have done.

Spartan Mixed Constitution

Government: The mixed constitution

• 2 Kings (monarchic) - each acted as a check on the other -One was in charge of the military; the other everything else

• 28 Gerousia (oligarchic) - Election to the gerousia - made up of old Spartans (over 60 years old) - Approval of business for the assembly

• Assembly (democratic) - yet remember, the gerousia determines assembly business - No debate, only voting; Spartan men are supposed to obey (or disobey when it is just) but not openly debate or question their leaders

• 5 Ephors (oligarchic) - supervised the laws - Judged the kings' action and could dethrone them.

(All Spartans are created equal)

Macedonia

Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great. Macedonia, region in the south-central Balkans that comprises north-central Greece, southwestern Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of North Macedonia.Athens and Sparta area of Greece

Lydia

Lydia is an empire that developed out of Hittites @1200 BCE

-They have some form of Hercules blood

Themopylae

There was a battle here. Battle of Thermopylae, 480BCE

July/August/Sept 480 BCE.. @6000K Greeks, Including… around 6,300 Greeks vs. Nearly 2 million or 1.7 million men of the Persian army. The Persian army was very huge,

Embassy of Spartan King Leonidas, "Come and get them" (said this in Greek) Part of the Persian Fleet is destroyed when a storm comes(Greeks prayed to the wind god) Persia anchors at Artemisium. First day of Thermopylae, Persians cant breach the pass. Day two enter elite 10k immortals. Monument at the Site of Thermopylae" "Foreigner, go tell the Spartans that we lie here obedient to their commands" (H 7.228) Naval Battle of Artemisium fought simultaneously with land battle at Thermopylae. 271 Greek Ships bvs. @800 Persians.

A few days of naval engagements end in a stalemate, but hearing of Thermopylae, the Greeks retreat; Persia enters the channel and continues South. it is the narrowest part of the highway connecting the north and the south of Greece.

Darius I of Persia (aka Darius the Great)

Ruled from 521 - 486 BCE. Subjects Thrace in 512 or 511Sets his sights on Macedonia in 510. 486 BCE: Aged king Darius dies; his son Xerxes takes over.

Perioikoi

Sparta relies on the Helots and the Perioikoi, " The Oikos's (hamlets) around Sparta". Sparta relies on Peroikoi act as Sparta contacts with the outside world.

Battle of Salamis

Greek victory over the Persian navy during the Second Persian War. Battle of Salamis; 378 Greek Ships vs. @1000 Persians. They want to lure the Persins into the straight of Salamis. They are luring them into a disadvantageous situation.

Xerxes watches his fleet stalemate with Greece

Then Xerxes beheads his captains. Disenfranchisement spreads. Xerxes has supply problems. Hellespont Bridge trouble. Control of the sea is now in question. Salamis loss, after killing the captains, morale, and support of the troops is low, So he starts to withdraw from Greece, which the Greeks help speed.

Artemisia

General Artemisia (of Halicarnassus) urges King Xerxes to go back to Persia, triumphant. Mardonious convinces him otherwise. Then Artemisisa was a bounty made during the war for her, 10k of gold

Molon Labe

"Come and get them" Popular rally cry

Piraeus

Port of Athens

Massagetae & Queen Tomyris

Then Persia encounters the Massagetae-"the fiercest battle between barbarians ever" (H. 1.214)

Massagetae Queen Tomyris- She is the Russian Queen. King Crysys Slauters the whole entire delegation and tells his mom and kills kimself out of shame and shows how the Russians are. King Comerous died and killed himself.

Russians then start attacking the Persians and then King Cyrus and then the Russians behead King Cyrus and his head it put into a wine sack

Themistocles

A Greek military leader who convinced the Athenians to build a navy. This helped Athens win a major battle against Persia, the Battle of Salamis. Themistocles says that they can shelter in place in the Acropolis, but he said that the Persians with an army of 2 million can surround them. They would run out of a bunch of stuff. The Athenians, when evacuating their city, in 480BCE moved the women and children into a number of cities, including Troezen, Aegina and Salamis. In the 1960s an inscription was discovered , in Troezen, the 'Decree of Themistocles'. Everyone escapes Athens and put on ships and are removed from Athens. A few remain behind to defend Athens, but then the Persians come and then Athens ends up getting burnt down to the ground. Mardionius finishes off the Greeks. The Greek fleet wants to Flee further; Themistocles rallies them. He even said, "I cannot fiddle, but I can make a great state from a little city".

King Leonidas of Sparta

Led the Spartans in Thermopylae who stood bravely against a large Persian army of 300 Spartans. Embassy of Spartan King Leonidas, "Come and get them" (said this in Greek). He was a leader who lead the spartans in Battle of Thermopylae, 480BCE. King Leonides says "May you live a long life Ephialtes"

Gerard Butler, err, King Leonidas, tells the Greeks to depart.

300 Spartans, but also 1100 Greeks, (some of whom die and some surrender) No the Spartans Though.

Congress at Corinth (481BCE)

The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth took place in 481 BC, under the presidency of Sparta, and brought together a number of the Greek city states. The Congress agreed to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina. The Congress also discussed the threat from the Persians. Athens was unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its King Leonidas

Ephilates

Greek traitor who showed the Persians the way around Thermopylae.

Plataea

Last major battle of the Persian War where the Greeks defeated the Persians. Battle of Plataea (August 479 BCE)- Spartan General and Athenian Army.

Persian Culture

he persians were seen as the outsiders and that they had worshipped the sun as their god. The Persians are seen as less human

Difference between the Persians and the Medes

The Greeks, they are just barbaroi, barbarians, anyone who is not Greek

(Foreigners, crude, uncivilized)

Persian religion is a further way that makes all of themselves appear different from one another.

(They were the people who worshiped the sun)

(They are also people who have tattoos)

Greeks really just considered them as different along with tattoos, the Persians have piercings.

Persons have weird and outlandish clothing.

The misunderstanding goes both ways, where there is this misunderstanding.

Herodotus books,

Persians say the Greeks are the greater blame and that they said that the Greeks are their enemy and taking women. For a women being cared off, the Persians said that Helen wished it upon herself and getting her back is pointless.

Sardis

Capital of Lydia. Croesus heads back to Sardis; Persian King Cyrus regroups and then marches upon Sardis.

Ionian Revolt

499-493, Ionian cities revolted against Persian Rule, helped by Athens. At first it was a success, then crushed by Persians. Persia is in Lydia in this time, Persia taxes the Greek colonies there, hard.. There is pro-Persian governors, which leads to the Ionian Revolt (499-494 BCE) The Ionian revolution starts in the town of Miletus. First invasion of the Persian war. Histaues successful lieutenant of King Darius, instilled as gov of Miletus.

-He is so ambitious that king Darius ends up growing very leery of him. (H 5.24)

Aristagoras (Histiaueous son in law and first cousin) is deputy tyrant in Miletus.

502 BCE, Naxtos revolted from Persia.

Aristagoras proposes the idea to recapture Naxos to King Darius and is given 200 ships. Aristagoras and the Fleets commander quarrel. The admiral is fed up with Persian leadership and warns the Naxians of the attack. Aristagoras, fearful of having to answer to King Darius, recves a bunch of steganography from Histiaeus urging he support the Ionian Revolt. He gets a message from Histiaeus wants to give a message to Aristagoras and told that both of them should revolt from Ionia.

Solon the Wise

Hubristic: solon the wise Athenian in Lydia (1.30-33 , death of his son Atys in H. 1. 34-46 Lydia shows Solon the wise the wealth and power od Lydia and he is given this tour of Lydia and that night, Croesus throws a whole entire banquet. Then he asks Solon a question, about his wealth and asks is he has seen a better person than him and blessed and then Solon says that what happens if his wife kills himself or his son dies tragically and all of this happens. He says that a man is not blessed. The next passage in 1.34-46, Croesus has a dream that his son get impaled on a spear and then 20 years later, when Atys becomes old, he says that he dies from a piece of iron and it was a part of the prophecy. Many princes are going on a boar hunt and then the twist is that Atys gets killed by his fellow hunters spear and that the prophecy cannot get cheated out.

Herodotus, his life and method

Lived from 485 - 425 BCE"Father of History" but also called the "Father of Lies"Travels the world and lectures about said travels. Herodotus had traveled to Arabia and then he said that there are winged serpents that are in this area and that he could see them flying overhead. He said he saw the bones of them. 2.86-88, this is about Herodotus traveling around and speaking about his travels and spends a lot of time in Egypt.

He does use the sources, but often secondhand ones.

Father of History. Herodotus has a central thesis, which is warning Athens about their own imperialist expansion. Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c. 485-425 BCE)

He is a historian.

Persian Wars (490s-470 BCE). Herodotus writes about the events of the war that he had lived through. He was also a Greek raised in Turkey. Intended on interviewing people who had lived through the war.

Homer 700BCE (lives well beyond the event that he composed about)

-Trojan war 1200BCE

Herodotus travels the world and lectures on his travels. He ventures to Egypt, Athens, Mt. Olympus, and much more.

He intended to entertain and show the world that a lot of people cannot see.

He eventually settles in Athens over time and then over time he had noticed something,…

-Persia has touched everywhere he has gone.

Croesus, King of Lydia

Lydian King Croesus consults the Delphic Oracle (546 BCE)

-If you attack Persia, you will destroy a great empire (H.1.53)

King Croesus asks if they should attack Persia, Apollo says that if you attack Persia, you will destroy a great empire. Croesus.

Encourages, Lydian king Croesus seeks aid from Athens, but they have some internal problems going on from 550-500 BCE(which we'll cover) (H. 1.56.64)

Then Sparta was supposed to send troops to Lydia, but Sparta was in a war against Argos for Thyrea.(H. 1.69-82)

-Sparta wanted to help but had problems at home and they are in a war so they were unable to help Lydia.

In Cappadocia Cryisc (Persia) v. Crecous (Lydia). There is a tie.

-Croesus heads back to Sardis; Persian King Cyrus regroups and then marches upon Sardis.

Barbaroi

people who did not speak Greek (what the greeks thought of the Persians)

King Candaules

Lydians are quite rash and King Candeaules (73-718 BCE), until assiantaed by the next king, Gyges. Then he wants to show his wife off and wants his servant to see his wife fully nude and notices Gyges watching her change and then Gyges said to the queen that Candeaulus was the one to put him up to It. Then his reclonesses leads to the killing of Candaulus.

Steganography

the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages. in such a manner that the presence of the information is not evident to human inspection.

Syssition

where ALL meals were eaten- developed to build bonds among Spartans. This is also where the Spartans ate their black broth.

Miletus

Greek city-state where revolt against Persians began. The Ionian revolution starts in the town of Miletus.

Histaues successful lieutenant of King Darius, instilled as gov of Miletus.

.Pheidippides

Athenian who ran from Marathon to Athens. Pheidippides is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of the victory of the battle of Marathon.

Spartan Society

In Archaic Period: c. 9000 Spartan Men. • But after the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, by the mid-300BCEs there's c. 1000 Men. • By the time Rome takes over Greece @146BCE, Sparta is a side show town, like going to the carnival to see the Strong-Man. Spartans train from a very young age. They really train from a young age. They have to be able to read and write but really training is important. Learning how to survive in harsh conditions. Men and women were the same and equal, where the spartan men and women were treated and were formidable as the men.

Spartans have some sense of humor.

Delphic Oracle

Impious (1.47-49: testing the Delphic oracle)

-Impious is looking for a whole new religion and makes the Gods go through a test and picks the best religion after testing them. Seen as very rash and ambitious.

Marathon

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians.