Unit 5

Corrupt Bargain

• Occurred during the 1824 presidential election

• Involved Henry Clay’s support for John Quincy Adams

• Led to accusation of a “corrupt bargain” due to Clay’s appointment as the Secretary of State

Spoils System

• Instituted during Andrew Jackson’s presidency in the 1830s

• Replaced existing officeholders with loyal political allies

• Rewarded political supporters with government positions

Tariff of Abominations

• Refers to the Tariff of 1828

• Imposed high import duties, particularly on Southern states

• Created economic tensions and heightened sectionalism

Nullification Crisis

• A dispute between South Carolina and the Federal government in the 1830s

• South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs

• Resolved through the Compromise Tariff of 1833

Force Bill

• Legislation passed by Congress in 1833

• Authorized President Jackson to use military force to enforce federal law in South Carolina

• Part of the response to the Nullification Crisis

Indian Removal Act

• Pass in 1830

• Authorized the removal of Native Americans tribes from the SOutheast to the West

• Resulted in the Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

• Forced removal of Cherokee and other tribes in 1830s

• Led to the suffering and death of thousands of Native Americans

• Tragic consequence of the Indian Removal policy

Anti-Masonic Party

• A short-lived political party in the early 19th century

• Opposed Freemasonry’s influence and secrecy

• Fielded candidate in the 1832 presidential election

Specie Circular

• An 1836 executive order by Jackson

• Required payment for federal lands to be in gold/silver (specie) rather than paper money

• Contributed to the Panic of 1837

Alamo

• Former Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas

• Site of a famous 1836 battle during the Texas Revolution

• Mexican forces defeated Texan defenders, but it inspired the Texan curse

Battle of San Jacinto

• Decisive battle during the Texas Revolution in 1836

• Texan forces, led by Sam Houston, defeated the Mexican army under Santa Anna

• Resulted in Texas gaining independence from Mexico

John Quincy Adams

• The 6th president of the United States (1825-1829)

• Son of John Adams, the 2nd president

• Known for his diplomatic career and support for internal improvements

Andrew Jackson

• The 7th president of the United States (1825-1829)

• Known for his populist policies and expansion of presidential power

• Associated with the era of Jackson Democracy

John C. Calhoun

• Prominent American statesman

• Served as Vice President under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

• Known for his strong defense of states'‘ rights and pro-slavery positions

Daniel Webster

• Influential AMerican statesman and orator

• Served in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives

• Known for his support of a strong federal government and his role in several key debates

Henry Clay

• American statesman known as the “Great Compromiser”

• Played crucial roles in various compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850

• Served in various political positions, including Speaker of the House

Martin Van Buren

• The 8th pres. of the U.S (1837-1841)

• Served as Andrew Jackson’s vice president

• Faced economic challenges during his presidency, including the Panic of 1837

Stephen Austin

• Known as the “Father of Texas”

• Led the colonization of Texas by Anglo-American settlers

• Played a significant role in the Texas Revolution

Sam Houston

• Military and political leaders in Texas during its fight for independence

• First president of the Republic of Texas

• Led Texans forces to victory at the Battle of San Jacinto

Santa Anna

• Mexican general and politician

• Led Mexican forces in the Texas Revolution

• Defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto and captured, leading to Texas independence

Self-reliance

• Essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson

• emphasizes individualism and self-trust

• A foundational text of American transcendentalism

Tammany Hall

• Power political organization in NYC

• Known for its influence and control over city politics

• Associated with political machines and corruption

Know-Nothing Party

• A political party in the mid-19th century

• Focused on nativism and anti-immigrant sentiment

• Also known as the American Party

Cotton Gin

• Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

• Revolutionized cotton production by efficiently separating seeds from cotton fibers

• Contributed to the expansion of slavery in the American South

Patent Office

• A government agency responsible for granting patents

• Encouraged innovation and protected inventors’ rights

• Played a significant role in promoting technological advancements

Commonwealth v. Hunt Factory Girls

• a landmark court case in the United States that took place in 1842.

• The case involved the legality of labor unions and their right to strike.

• The court ruled that labor unions were legal and that workers had the right to strike for better working conditions and higher wages.

Cult of Domesticity

• a social ideology that emerged in the 19th century.

• It emphasized the importance of women's roles within the home and family.

• It promoted the idea that women should be pious, pure, submissive, and focused on domestic duties.

Turnpike

• A major toll road or highway is a well-maintained and high-capacity road that allows for efficient and convenient travel.

• These roads are typically designed to connect major cities or regions, providing a direct and faster route between them.

• Toll roads often offer additional amenities such as rest areas, service stations, and electronic toll collection systems for smoother travel.

Erie Canal

• historic waterway in New York State, connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie.

• It was constructed between 1817 and 1825 and played a crucial role in the development of the United States by providing a direct trade route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.

• major engineering feat at the time, spanning 363 miles and featuring 83 locks to navigate changes in elevation.

Pony Express

• a mail service in the western US from 1860 to 1861.

• It used horseback riders for fast delivery

• connected the east and west coasts, improving communication during a slow and unreliable time.

Market Revolution

• Rapid industrialization and technological advancements transformed the American economy.

• The shift from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture led to increased productivity and specialization.

• The expansion of transportation networks, such as canals and railroads, facilitated the growth of regional and national markets.

Samuel Slater

• an English-born industrialist and pioneer of the American Industrial Revolution.

• known for bringing the textile industry to the United States by establishing the first successful cotton-spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793.

• marked the beginning of the factory system in America and played a significant role in the growth of the textile industry in the country.

Eli Whitney

• Inventor of the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States.

• Introduced the concept of interchangeable parts, which greatly improved manufacturing efficiency.

• Played a significant role in the development of the American Industrial Revolution.

Samuel F. B. Morse

• Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code.

• Developed a system of electrical communication using a single wire.

• Co-founder of the Morse code, a method of transmitting text messages using a series of dots and dashes.

John Deere

• Inventor of the steel plow in 1837

• Improved farming efficiency and productivity

• Founded the _____ company, a major agricultural equipment manufacturer

Cyrus McCormick

• Inventor of the mechanical reaper, a revolutionary agricultural machine.

• Founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became a leading manufacturer of farm equipment.

• Pioneered the mechanization of agriculture, increasing productivity and transforming farming practices.

Robert Fulton

• Inventor and engineer known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat.

• Played a significant role in the development of steam-powered transportation, revolutionizing the way goods and people were transported.

• His steamboat, named the Clermont, made its first successful voyage in 1807, demonstrating the potential of steam power for transportation.

Cyrus Field

• an American businessman and entrepreneur.

• He is best known for his role in the successful laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.

• Field's efforts in connecting North America and Europe revolutionized global communication.

Second Great Awakening

• A religious revival movement in the early 19th century.

• Emphasized individual piety, conversion, and social reform.

• Led to the rise of various Christian denominations.

Mormons

• Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

• Founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830a

• Migrated to Utah under Young’s leadership to escape persecution

American Temperance Society

• Founded in 1826

• Advocated for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption

• Played a significant role in the temperance movement

Maine Law of 1851

• One of the first state-wide prohibitions of alcohol in the U.S.

• Part of the temperance movement’s effort to restrict alcohol sales

• Served as a model for later temperance laws

Women’s Right Convention at Seneca Falls

• Held in 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York

• The first woman’s rights convention in the United States

• Produced the “Declaration of Sentiments” outlining women’s rights

New Harmony

• Experimental utopian community founded by Owen in Indiana, 1825

• Aimed to create a more equitable and communal society

• Eventually faced internal conflicts and financial challenges

Brook Farm

• Transcendentalist utopian community in Massachusetts in the 1840s

• Founded by George Ripley

• Attracted intellectuals and writers but faced financial difficulties

Oneida Community

• A religious communal society in NY founded in 1848

• Practiced complex marriage and communal property

• Known for the production of silverware

Hudson River School

• A group of American landscape painters in the mid-19th century

• Focused on the beauty of the American landscape

• Contributed to the development of American art

Transcendentalism

• Philosophical and literary movement in the 19th century

• Emphasized the importance of individual intuition and connection to nature

• Emerson and Thoreau

Peter Cartwright

• Prominent Methodist revivalist preacher in the early 19th century

• Known for his energetic and emotion sermons

• Played a role in the Second Great Awakening

Joseph Smith

• Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)

• Claimed to translated the Book f Mormon

• Killed in 1844, leading to a leadership succession crisis

Brigham Young

• 2nd president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

• Led the Mormon migration to Utah

• Played a key role in the development of the Utah territory

Horace Mann

• An education reformer in the 19th century

• Advocated for public education and teacher training

• Often called “Father of American Public Education

Dorothea Dix

• Social reformer and advocate for the mentally ill

• Led efforts to improve mental health institutions in the United States

• Instrument in the establishment of asylums

Lucretia Mott

• A women’s rights and anti-slavery advocate

• Helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention

• Prominent in the women’s right movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Women's rights activist and suffragist.

• Co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention and wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments."

• Advocated for women's right to vote.

Susan B. Anthony

• Prominent suffragist and women's rights activist.

• Partnered with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the fight for women's suffrage.

• Played a significant role in the suffrage movement.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist.

• Known for works like "Self-Reliance" and "Nature."

• A central figure in the transcendentalist movement.

Henry David Thoreau

- Transcendentalist philosopher, essayist, and naturalist.

- Authored "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience."

- Advocated for simple living and nature appreciation.

Walt Whitman

• Renowned American poet.

• Known for his poetry collection "Leaves of Grass."

• Celebrated American democracy and individualism.

Emily Dickinson

• Prolific American poet.

• Known for her unique style and reclusive life.

• Her poems explore themes of love, death, and nature.

Edgar Allan Poe

•Renowned American writer and poet.

•Known for his works of gothic and macabre fiction, including "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Fall of the House of Usher."

•A pioneer of the detective fiction genre and author of the famous poem "The Raven."

Nathaniel Hawthorne

• Celebrated American novelist and short story writer.

• Famous for works such as "The Scarlet Letter," a novel exploring themes of sin and redemption.

• His writing often delves into the psychological and moral complexities of characters.

Herman Melville

• Distinguished American novelist.

• Best known for his novel "Moby-Dick," a classic work of American literature.

• Explored themes of obsession, the human condition, and the relationship between man and nature in his writings.