9-11

Memory

Automatically and incidentally encodes information without intention or specifically attending to it.

Long term memory

Organized according to the contents and stored in different parts of the brain.

Declarative memory

Memory of facts and events, primarily associated with the medial temporal lobe.

Striatum

Part of the brain responsible for skills and habits, classified as non-declarative memory.

Amygdala

Region of the brain involved in emotional responses, classical conditioning in non-declarative memory.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to create new memories after a brain injury or trauma.

Reflective pathways

Associated with nonassociative learning within memory systems.

H.M.

Patient who had a bilateral medial temporal lobe surgical resection, resulting in severe anterograde amnesia.

Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test

A test used to assess visual memory and organizational skills.

McGurk Effect

Demonstrates how conflicting auditory and visual information affects perception of speech.

Broca's Area

Region of the brain involved in speech production and articulation.

Wernicke's Area

Region of the brain responsible for language comprehension.

Fluency

The ability to produce spoken or written language smoothly and accurately.

Aphasia

A disorder affecting speech and language, which can involve difficulties in speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.

Executive function

Cognitive processes that enable top-level control over thoughts and actions, such as planning, decision-making, and inhibiting responses.

Iowa gambling task

A psychological task used to assess decision-making abilities and risk-taking behavior.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain associated with motor control and classical conditioning in non-declarative memory.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another.

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of a language.

Cortical stimulation

A technique used to study language by observing effects on speech and comprehension after stimulating specific brain areas.

Autobiographical Memory

Memory for events related to one's own life that is often highly specific.

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A neuropsychological test that measures abstract reasoning and the ability to infer rules.

Tower of London

A task used to assess planning and problem-solving abilities.

Verbal fluency

A measure of cognitive functioning based on the ability to generate words in a given category or starting letter.