ch. 2 theoretical perspectives on parenting

What is the purpose of parenting theories

To explain, predict, and understand parenting behaviors and child outcomes

What is the focus of Attachment Theory (Bowlby & Ainsworth)

Understanding affectionate bonds between parents and children

What experiment demonstrated attachment in animals

Harlow's Monkey Experiment

What procedure did Ainsworth create

The Strange Situation Procedure

What are the four main attachment types

Secure, Anxious-Avoidant, Ambivalent, and Disorganized

What is Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory (IPARTheory)

Examines parental warmth versus rejection and how it affects child adjustment

What does undifferentiated rejection lead to

Psychological adjustment issues in children and adults

What is Classical Conditioning (Watson)

Learning through association

What is Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Using reinforcement to increase behavior and punishment to decrease behavior

What is a major limitation of behavioral theories

They do not address emotion or internal motivation

What are three common parenting errors

1. Giving negative attention to undesired behaviors 2. Failing to reinforce desired behaviors 3. Overreliance on punishment

What is a long-term effect of fear-based parenting

Damage to the parent-child relationship

What is Evolutionary Developmental Psychology (Darwin)

Explains parenting as evolved behavior promoting offspring survival

What is Human Behavioral Genetics Theory (Galton & Gesell)

Studies genetic inheritance and environmental influences on development

What are shared environmental factors

Family-level factors like socioeconomic status (SES)

What are non-shared environmental factors

Individual factors like peer group or school environment

What does the lifespan perspective emphasize

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multi-directional, and contextual

What domains does it include

Biological, cognitive, and psychological

What does Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura & Patterson) emphasize

Learning through observation and operant conditioning.

What experiment is central to Social Cognitive Theory

Bandura's Bobo Doll Study

What is self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to affect change in their environment

What does Bell's Control Theory describe

Bidirectional parent-child influence (P↔C)

What is Social Relational Theory (Kuczynski & De Mol)

Parenting is dynamic, reciprocal, and constantly adapting through transactions

How do children affect parenting

Child characteristics influence parental behavior

What is Differential Susceptibility

Some children are more sensitive to environmental influences than others

What is the Transactional Model

Continuous interaction between parent and child over time

What does Parenting Style Typology (Baumrind) identify

Four major parenting styles

What are Baumrind's four parenting styles

Authoritarian, Permissive, Rejecting-Neglecting, and Authoritative

Which parenting style shows high warmth and high control

Authoritative

What is Parenting Role Theory

Explains conflicts between parental roles and other life roles

What is Role Conflict

Conflict between two roles with different statuses (e.g., parent vs. employee)

What is Role Strain

Tension between roles of the same status (e.g., caring for child and aging parent)

What does Vygotsky's Theory emphasize

Parental scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

What does Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan) propose

Children are intrinsically motivated to master their environment

What are the three basic needs in Self-Determination Theory

Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness

What is the core idea of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

The child develops within multiple interacting environmental systems

What are the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's model

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem

What is Family Systems Theory (Bowen)

The family functions as an emotional unit with interacting subsystems

What is homeostasis in family systems

The tendency to maintain balance and stability

What is social triangulation

When a third person is drawn into family conflict

What does Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory describe

How children's thinking evolves through stages

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational

What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory describe

Personality develops in stages shaped by social experience

What is Erikson's first stage

Trust versus Mistrust, related to attachment

What are the six stages of Galinsky's Theory of Parenting Development

Image-Making, Nurturing, Authority, Interpretive, Interdependent, and Departure

What is the Coercive Cycle

A pattern of escalating negative interactions between parent and child

What is "Miscarried Helping"

When excessive help leads to child resistance and reduced motivation

What are effective commands

Clear, specific, polite, and age-appropriate instructions

What does the Emotional Security Hypothesis (Davies & Cummings) explain

How children's reactions to parental conflict affect emotional and social outcomes

What reduces negative effects of conflict

Respectful, constructive resolution between parents

What is the Biological Sensitivity to Context Model

High reactivity develops in both stressful and highly supportive environments

What is Parental Guidance of Children's Trajectories

How parents establish, mediate, and modify children's life paths

What is pre-arming in parental mediation

Preparing children for experiences or challenges before they occur

What is debriefing

Helping children process experiences after they happen