Science Review Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering the scientific process, laboratory apparatus, matter properties, light models, cell biology, and atomic structure based on the lecture notes.

Independent variable

The variable that is changed in an investigation.

Dependent variable

The data that is measured during an investigation.

Qualitative data

Data based on the five senses.

Quantitative data

Data based on instruments and numbers.

Zero error

An error where a measuring instrument registers a reading when there should not be any.

Parallax error

An error caused by the eye being positioned incorrectly.

Random error

Errors that cannot be predicted, have no pattern, and cannot be replicated.

Retort stand

Apparatus used to hold or support other apparatus.

Round bottomed flask

Apparatus used to contain and heat substances.

Delivery tube

Apparatus used to guide gases from one container to another.

Filter funnel

Apparatus used with filter paper to perform filtration.

Non luminous flame

A hotter, blue, and smaller flame produced when the Bunsen burner air hole is open.

Luminous flame

A less hot, brighter, and flickering flame produced when the Bunsen burner air hole is closed.

Strike back

A phenomenon that occurs when too much air enters through the air hole and the flame comes out of the jet instead of the barrel.

Strength

The ability to support heavy loads without breaking or tearing.

Hardness

The ability to withstand wear and tear and scratches.

Flexibility

The ability for a substance to bend without breaking and retain its original shape.

Melting point

The temperature at which a substance gains heat and changes from a solid to a liquid.

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid gains heat and evaporates from a liquid to a gas.

Density

Calculated as $D = \frac{M}{V}$ (Mass divided by Volume).

Compound

A substance made up of $2$ or more different atoms chemically combined.

Mixture

A substance made up of $2$ or more elements or compounds not chemically joined together.

Element

A pure substance consisting of one type of atom only that cannot be broken down into simpler substances chemically.

Solution

A mixture in which one substance dissolves completely in another substance.

Solute

The substance that dissolves in a solvent.

Solvent

The substance in which a solute is dissolved.

Suspension

A mixture that contains insoluble particles in a solvent that can settle if left undisturbed.

Magnetic attraction

A separation technique used to separate magnetic substances from non magnetic materials.

Filtration

The process of separating substances of different particle sizes using a sieve or filter paper.

Evaporation to dryness

The process of heating to evaporate all liquid to obtain a solid by changing liquid into gas.

Distillation

A technique used to separate substances that boil at different temperatures to obtain a solvent from a solute.

Paper chromatography

A technique used to separate small amounts of substances that dissolve to different extents in a particular solvent.

Rays

Straight paths along which light travels.

Beam

A bundle of light rays.

Luminous objects

Objects that can emit light of their own.

Reflection

The bouncing of light off a surface.

Incident ray

The ray of light hitting the reflecting surface.

Reflected ray

The light ray travelling away from the reflecting surface after bouncing off it.

Angle of incidence $(i)$

The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

Angle of reflection $(r)$

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal, which is equal to the angle of incidence.

Normal

The line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

Convex mirrors

Mirrors that provide a large field of vision and produce virtual, upright, and diminished images.

Concave mirrors

Mirrors that produce virtual, upright, and magnified images.

Refraction

The bending of light at the boundary between $2$ different transparent materials due to a change in the speed of light.

Dispersion

The splitting of white light into its component colors (the spectrum).

Cell membrane

The thin outer layer that surrounds a cell and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Nucleus

The center that controls all cell activities and contains DNA.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance that fills a cell and is the site where most chemical reactions take place.

Cell wall

A tough, rigid outer covering in plant cells that protects, supports, and gives the cell a regular shape.

Chloroplasts

The "food factory" of plant cells containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Tissue

A group of cells that perform the same function working together.

Organ

A group of tissues that perform different functions working together.

Brownian motion

The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or a gas.

Diffusion

The process where particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until spread evenly.

Proton

A subatomic particle in the nucleus with a relative mass of $1$ and a relative charge of $+1$.

Neutron

A subatomic particle in the nucleus with a relative mass of $1$ and a relative charge of $0$.

Electron

A subatomic particle that moves in shells around the nucleus with a relative mass of $\frac{1}{1840}$ and a relative charge of $-1$.