The quest for political stability, Religion: conflict and dissent

What was the 1625 disagreement between Charles and Parliament?

House of Commons refused to grant Charles Tonnage and Pundage for life- by only granting a year, Charles was forced to call Parliament regualrly

What was the 1626 disagreement between Charles and Parliament?

Parliament attempted to launch an impeachment against Buckingham- Charles responded by dissolving Parliament

What was the 1627 disagreement between Charles and Parliament?

Charles created a forced loan for all taxpayers, Parliament refused to endorse the legality of the loan

What was the 1628 disagreement between Charles and Parliament?

Five Knights case forces Parliament to create the Petition of Right, Charles asserts his right to continue collecting Tonnage and Poundage

What was the 1629 disagreement between Charles and Parliament?

Breaches in the Petition of Right and treatment of merchants who refused to pay Tonnage and Poundgae, Parliament passes three formal resolutions

Why was Buckingham resented by Parliament?

His close relationship to the King gave him power, 1623- failed to secure Charles a Spanish bride resulting in a costly war on Spain, 1624- secured marriage to Henrietta Maria (a Catholic who was promised the ability to continue practicing catholicism), and the unsuccessful naval expedition to Cadiz

Why did Charles create forced loans? How much was raised?

to fund his war with Spain, £250,000 a year

What were the terms of the petition of right? How did Parliament ensure they weren’t attacking the King?

prevented forced loans, imprisonment without trial, billeting for soldiers in civilian households, and martial law against civilians, The name was carefully chosen to ensure they were not claiming the King made a mistake but rather asking him to redefine the law

When was the period of personal rule? What was one of the three resolutions passed by Parliament before it was dissolved?

1629-1640, levying taxes without consent of Parliament went against the state

When was Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury? Why was his status as privy councillor resented by the nobility?

1633, his interference in non religious affairs and his tendency to dominate discussions

Why was Wentworth resented (Chief advisor)

He used his power against a rival- Sir John Savile

Which treaty ended the war with Spain, what was its significance?

1630- Treaty of Madrid, reduced annual spending on war from £500,000 to £70,000

What was popish soap?

Charles issued a monopoly on the production of soap which caused prices to increase and drove many out of business

What was ship money, When was it extended inland, When was it made an annual tax?

A tax in coastal Towns to provide money for naval fleets, 1635, 1636

What was the Hampden court case?

1636- Hampden refuses to pay ship tax and the court case is in 1637 (judges decide in the King’s favour)

What did Laud believe in? How did he achieve this?

beauty of holiness, communion tables moved to the East end and covered in cloth to resemble the Catholic high altar, and music/ decoration was encouraged

When was the Burton, Bastwick and Prynne case?

1637, they published pamphlets attacking the Queen and Laud, tried in the star chamber and punished severely

Why were Scotland annoyed with Laud?

1637- English prayer book to be used in Scottish Churches, 1638- Scottish clergy draw up National Covenant to defend the Kirk (Scotland presbyterian), led to the Bishops war

When was the short Parliament called? Why?

April 1640, to fund the Bishops war (taxpayer strike due to gentry unhappy with funding the war)

When was the Long Parliament called?

5th November 1640

Who were Pym’s junto?

An organised group of MPs in opposition to the King, When Long Parliament was called Pym launched an attack on existing grievances (personal rule, illegal taxation, religious reforms and prerogative law courts)

What was the Triennial act? When was it passed?

February 1641- ensured

ensured parliament was called every three years

What was the Act of Attainder? When was it?

May 1641- Strafford (Wentworth) accused of treason and executed

Which two key features of personal rule were removed by the Long Parliament in 1641?

Ship money made illegal in August, Prerogative courts (star chamber) abolished in July

what were the Ten Propositions? When were they issued?

Summer 1641- Ten points to from the basis of a settlement (Catholics removed from Court, pardon for those who committed offences during personal rule)

When was the Root and Branch petition? What was it?

May 1641- petition from London puritans implemented by Long Parliament, called for the removal of bishops from the Church of England

What was the Grand Remonstrance? Who issued it? When?

1641, Pym- review of the King’s reign with a list of demands for radical constitutional changes (e.g Catholics to be excluded from the house of lords), passed by 11 votes

Which treaty ended the First Bishops war? When?

1639- Treaty of Berwick

When was the attempt on the five members? Why?

1642- rumours that Pym intended to impeach the queen, Charles arrived at the Commons with 300 soldiers to arrest five leading members

How did Parliament gain control of the Army in 1642? Why was this necessary?

1641- Irish rebellion, rebels claim they are acting for the king so Parliament hesitates to give him control of the Army, Pym agrees to grant Charles money if he allows Parliament to control the Army, 1642- Militia Ordinance

When were the nineteen propositions introduced? What were they?

June 1642- Parliament to control the education of the King’s children, the King to approve the militia ordinance

Why was Charles advantaged during the first civil war? How did Parliament win?

Charles had military experience and was a central figurehead, Charles didn’t take advantage of his early strength (He should have won the battle of Edgehill but let it end in a stalemate), Parliament had control of the navy and had a well-disciplined new model army

When was the New Model Army officially formed?

4th April 1645

What were the Newcastle Proposals?

July 1646- presented by Parliament, Bishops to be abolished and a presbyterian church to be established for three years, Parliament to control the militia for 20 years (Charles gave no answer and was biding his time in the hopes division would further in parliament)

Why did divisions between the New Model Army and Parliament form? How did the Army become politicised?

Their future was unclear and Parliament offered them far less pay than they were owed, leveller influence became more pronounced

What was the Heads of Proposals?

August 1647- settlement presented to the King by the New Model Army, Parliament to control the militia for ten years, Bishops not to be abolished but to lose their power to force everyone to attend the National Church

What was the Agreement of the People?

October 1647- presented by leveller soldiers, far more radical (existing Parliament to be dissolved, future Parliaments to be elected biennially), led to the Putney debates which widened the gap between radicals and officials

Which settlement did the King accept after the first civil war?

The Engagement- presented by the Scots on the 26th December 1647, Charles promised to impose a presbyterian church government for three years if the Scots sent an army to enforce the King’s authority (Charles no longer has control of the Army)

What caused the second civil war?

January 1648- Parliament voted to hold no further negotiations with Charles, King labelled a man of blood, Scots entered England in 1648 but were easily put down by Cromwell’s troops, by causing another war Charles had gone against his people and God’s will

What was Prides Purge?

5th December 1648- soldiers surround Parliament and refuse entry to those who were known to support negotiations with the King, left a Rump Parliament of 240 MPs who created a court to find Charles guilty of treason (executed 30th January 1649)

What were the threats to the newly formed rump parliament?

The levellers demanding radical change, Scotland declaring Charles 2 King in 1649, Royalist uprisings

Why did the Commonwealth (Rump) fail?

It was illegal and seen as an instrument of the Amey Grandees, Cromwell dissolved it because it failed to hold elections to gain legitimacy, it was also deeply unpopular as it kept taxation levels high

How did the Rump succeed?

Used land confiscated from royalist to pay the army, imposed an adultury act in May 1650 and a treason act in July 1650

What did Cromwell create after dissolving the Rump?

The barebones Parliament (Nominated Assembly) - 1653, conservative and godly men nominated by independent Churches

How did the nominated assembly fail?

radicals pushed through a vote against tithes so the moderates met and voted to dissolve since they saw social order at risk of being undermined

What was the first Protectorate Parliament?

1654-1655, single chamber of MPs summoned under the instrument of government, Cromwell presented ordinances (e.g religious reforms, highway repair) but none were passed

What was the Rule of the Major Generals? Why were they hated?

1655-1656, country didvided into 11 military districts controlled by a major general, lower social standing than JPs but had more power and were often foreign to their district, suppressed certain sports and closed down ale houses

Why were the Major Generals created? How were they funded?

Response to Penrudocks uprings (royalist rebellion, small scale), decimation tax paid by wealthier royalists

Why was the second protectorate parliarliament called?

1656-1658, called under urgent need to raise finances

what was the Humble petition and advice?

Devised by the second protectorate parliament in March 1657- triggered by plot to assassinate Cromwell, wanted Cromwell to accept the title of King

How long was Richard Cromwell Lord protector? What went wrong?

September 1658-May 1659, he appointed Fleetwood as army general and agreed to a restoration of the Army council and was faced with a petition to dissolve Parliament

What was the Declaration of Breda?

issued by Charles 2 on 2th April 1660- it made a number of promises like arrears of pay for the army, religious toleration and a settlement of issues with parliament IF the monarchy was restored (May 1660- Parliament declared Charles as the rightful king)

What was the Convention Parliament?

1660- sought reconciliation rather than revenge and was presented with the Declaration of Breda, responsible for the first part of the restoration settlement

Why was the Cavalier Parliament called?

1661- failed rebellion in London of fifth monarchists led to a fear of radicals and an overwhelmingly royalist parliament emerged who sought revenge rather than reconciliation

What was the Act of Uniformity (RS)?

Restored the Laudian Church, 1800 ministers unable to conform and expelled

What was the licensing act (RS)?

reintroduced censorship of the press on any printer matter, not just newspapers

What was the Militia Act (RS)

stated the King alone was in supreme command of the army

What did the restoration settlement do about Monarch taxation?

ended the monarch’s right to feudal taxes like forced loans BUT gave Charles £1.2 million a year- forced to rely on a Hearth tax which struggled to raise significant amounts (1/3rd of expected revenue of £250,000)

What was the Clarendon code? Three examples of acts passed by this?

1667- introduced by Charles’ advisor, Corporation Act (local government under control of royalists), Licensing of the press Act (press censorship), Act of Uniformity (Book of common prayer to be used in all services)

Who was the government after Clarendon?

CABAL, sympathy towards religious toleration for protestant dissenters and catholics concerns the Anglican gentry who dominated the cavalier parliament

What was the secret treaty of Dover?

May 1670- France becomes greatest power in Europe, Charles favours Pro-French policy which clashes with his increasingly ant-catholic nation, this treaty confirmed an alliance between france and england against the dutch (Charles agrees to declare himself a catholic if Louis sends him £225,000 a year)

Why was the war with the Dutch a failure?

series of inconclusive naval battles, war was unpopular as england feared the catholic france so parliament refused to grant charles the money necessary to continue the war, forcing the peace Treaty of Westminster in 1674

Who were the Tories? Who were the Whigs?

Court, divine right, church of england/ country, right to resist tyranny, linked absolutism and catholicism

Who was Danby?

appointed chief minister in 1674, supported a pro-Anglican policy and a pro-dutch policy

How did the Cavlier parliament end?

Popish plot leads to bill that excludes all Catholics from Parliament, Danby to be impeached (which risked the secret treaty of dover being exposed)

What was the aim of the exclusion crisis?

to exclude James from the throne and replace him with Charles’ illegitimate son, Duke of Monmouth

How did Charles prevent the exclusion crisis?

1679- dissolves parliament before exclusion bill reaches lords, 1680- pressures lords to reject another bill, 1681- orders the arrest of Shaftesbury

What was the Popish plot?

August 1678- Anglican priest spread a story of a plot to kill Charles and place James on the throne- gave him the power to accuse anyone

Why was Danby impeached by parliament?

evidence of French subsides

When did James convert to Catholicism?

1668

Why was Charles able to dissolve parliament in 1681?

The money he received from France left him financially independent

What was the Monmouth rebellion?

June 1685- against James II