Rad-101 Ch 2 General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology

anatomy definition

term applied to the science of the structure of the body

physiology definition

study of function of body organs

osteology definition

detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

body planes definition

imaginary planes dividing the body in reference to anatomic positions

fundamental body planes

sagittal

coronal

horizontal

oblique

sagittal plane

passes vertically from front to back

divides into left and right segments

midsagittal plane

dividing body into left and right equal halves

coronal plane

passes vertically from side to side dividing into posterior and anterior parts

midcoronal plane (aka midaxillary)

passes through midline dividing into equal anterior and posterior

horizontal plane (aka transverse, axial, cross-sectional)

pass on longitudinal plane through any body part diving into superior and inferior portions

oblique plane

angled division of the body part

what are planes centered to in radiographic positioning

image receptor or central ray

planes guide projections of what

central ray

special body planes definition

localized to specific parts or areas of the body

special body planes examples

interiliac plane

occlusal plane

interiliac plane

transects body at pelvis at top of iliac crest (L4)

occlusal plane

formed by biting surface of upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

two great body cavities

thoracic cavity

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

lower portion of abdominal cavity without a clear partition

what does thoracic cavity contain

pleural membrane

lungs

trachea

esophagus

pericardium

heart and great vessels

what does abdominal cavity contain

peritoneum

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

spleen

stomach

intestines

kidneys

ureters

major blood vessels

what does pelvic cavity contain

rectum

urinary bladder

part of reproductive system

division of the abdomen

bordered superior by diaphragm

bordered inferiorly by superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)

methods of division for abdomen

quadrants

regions

abdomen quadrants

right upper (RUQ)

right lower (RLQ)

left upper (LUQ)

left lower (LLQ)

abdomen regions

right hypochondrium | epigastrium | left hypochondrium

right lateral | umbilical | left lateral

right inguinal | hypogastrium | left inguinal

what is true about most anatomic structures?

they cannot be seen or palpated

what do radiographers rely on for accurate and consistent positioning

palpable external landmarks to locate unseen anatomy

body habitus definition

common variations in shape of human body

four major body habitus

sthenic

hyposthenic

asthenic

hypersthenic

what type of body habitus is considered average

sthenic and hyposthenic

what type of body habitus are considered average

hypersthenic and asthenic

what organs are affected by body habitus

heart

lungs

diaphragm

stomach

colon

gallbladder

why is body habitus important in radiography

determines size, shape, and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

what does osteology involve

bone functions

skeletal divisions

general bone features

bone development

classification of bones

functions of bone

attachment for muscles

mechanical basis for movement

protection of internal organs

support frame for body

storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts

productions of red and white blood cells

how many total bones in the body

206

two division of skeletal divisions

axial skeleton (80 bones)

appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

what does axial skeleton do

support and protect head and trunk

what does appendicular skeleton do

provide means for movement

compact bone contains

strong, dense outer layer

spongy bones contains

inner, less dense layer

spiculated network known as trabeulae

what is trabeculae filled with

red marrow

yellow marrow

what does red marrow do

produce red and white blood cells

what does yellow marrow do

store fat cells

what is medullary cavity

central cavity of long bones

medullary cavity contains

trabecular filled with yellow marrow

where is red marrow found in medullary cavity

end of long bones

what is periosteum

tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone except at articular ends

endosteum

lines marrow cavity

what is ossification

development and formation of bones

when does ossification begin

second month of embryonic life

two processes of ossification

intermembranous

endochondral

intermembranous ossification forms

flat bones

endochondral ossification creates

short, irregular, and long bones

what centers of development does endochondral ossification occurs from

primary

secondary

when does primary ossification begin

before birth

what does primary ossification form

long central shaft in long bones

when does secondary ossification occur

after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones

what is end of long bone called

epiphyses

shape classficaitaion of bone

long

short

flat

irregular

sesamoid

where is long bone found

in limb

what does long bone consist of

body and two enlarged articular ends

long bone examples

femur

humerus

phalanges

what does short bones consist of

mainly cancellous bone with thin outer layer of compact bones

short bones example

carpal bones

tarsal bones

what do flat bones consist of

two plates of compact bone

middle layer of cancellous bone known as diploe

flat bones examples

sternum

cranium

scapula

what are irregular bones

peculiarly shaped bones

irregular bone examples

vertebrae

pelvic bones

facial bones

sesamoid bones size

very small and oval

where do sesamoid bones develop

inside and beside tendons

sesamoid bones function

protect tendon from excessive wear

what is the largest sesamoid bone

patella

where are sesamoid bones located

beneath first metatarsophalangeal articulation on the foot

palmar aspect of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint of hand

what bone classification can be fractured

sesamoid bones

arthrology definition

study of joints or articulation between bones

arthrology classification

functional

structural

subdivisions of arthrology functional classifications

based on mobility of joint

synarthroses

amphiarthroses

diarthroses

level of mobility for synarthrosis joint

immovable

level of mobility for amphiarthroses joint

slightly movable

level of mobility for diarthroses joint

freely movable

subdivision of arthrology structural classification

based on connective tissue

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

how many specific types of joints fall into the arthrology structural subdivision

11

what do fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints lack

joint cavity

how are fibrous joints united

by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments

what type of joints are strongest in the body

fibrous joints

types of fibrous joints

syndesmosis

suture

gomphosis

syndesmosis fibrous joints

immovable or very slightly movable

united by fibrous sheets

inferior tibiofibular joint

suture fibrous joints

immovable joint only in skull

gomphosis fibrous joints

immovable joint only in root of teeth

cartilaginous joints level of mobility

virtually immovable

types of cartilaginous joints

symphysis

synchondrosis

how are cartilaginous joints united

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

symphysis cartilaginous joints

slightly movable

separated by fibrocartilage

designed for strength and shock absorbency

pubic symphysis

synchondrosis cartilaginous joints

immovable joint

united by rigid cartilage

epiphyseal plate

synovial joints level of mobility

wide range, freely movable

what arthrology structural joint classification is a complex joint

synovial joints

synovial joints are enclosed by

articular capsule

synovial joints accessory soft tissue examples

meniscus

bursae