APUSH AP Exam Unit 3

All of the following groups of non-English colonists migrated into the British North American colonies in large numbers throughout the eighteenth century EXCEPT

A. Germans

B. Russians

C. Scots

D. Irish

E. Dutch

B

Five of the thirteen states voted for ratification of the Constitution only after

A. slavery was allowed to continue without federal interference

B. several slave revolts rocked the Carolinas and Virginia

C. they were assured that the Supreme Court would have the power of judicial review

D. they were assured that a Bill of Rights would be added shortly after ratification

E. the other states threatened to organize the government without them

D

A Maryland master placed the following newspaper advertisement in 1772 after Harry, his slave, had run away: "He has been seen about the Negro Quarters in Patuxent, but is supposed to have removed among his Acquaintances on Potomack; he is also well acquainted with a Negro of Mr. Wall's named Rachael; a few miles from that Quarter is his Aunt, and he may possibly be harboured thereabouts."

Which of the following statements about conditions under slavery is best supported by the passage above?

A. Slaves had no opportunity to develop their own culture and society.

B. Slaves commonly formed settlements of their own away from the plantations.

C. Slaves lived entirely independently of their masters.

D. Slaves frequently associated with free Black people.

E. Slaves maintained social networks among kindred and friends despite forced separations.

E

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."

John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815

Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams' theory about the Revolution?

A. The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause

B. The existence of significant social and economic divisions within the colonies

C. The importance of colonial military victories in bringing about independence

D. The importance of support from European allies in defeating the British

A

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."

John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815

Which of the following is the most likely reason why Adams dates the beginning of the American Revolution to the 1760s?

A. Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies

B. The forging of American Indian political alliances with European powers

C. Increased involvement of colonial merchants in the Atlantic economy

D. The expansion of the colonial population into the interior of the continent

A

"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . .

"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . .

"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that order also. . . . What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?"

-John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768

Which of the following would have been most likely to agree with the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

A. Native Americans west of the Appalachian Mountains

B. Enslaved people in the South

C. Anglican ministers in the middle colonies

D. Merchants in New England

D

"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . .

"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . .

"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that order also. . . . What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?"

-John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768

Based on the excerpt, the most likely purpose of Dickinson's letters was to

A. use Enlightenment rhetoric to encourage American autonomy

B. support efforts to claim the French territory of Louisiana

C. argue for increased industrial production in the colonies

D. call for the immediate end of the international slave trade

A

"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . .

"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . .

"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that order also. . . . What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?"

-John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768

To which of the following was Dickinson responding in his letters?

A. Native American challenges to European control of the fur trade

B. Increased taxation and imperial oversight following the Seven Years' War

C. Efforts by the Spanish to reclaim territory in North America

D. Arguments regarding the creation of a new national constitution

B

Which of the following contributed most to the American Victory in the Revolution?

A. French military and financial assistance

B. The failure of Loyalists to participate in military action

C. A major American military victory at Valley Forge

D. Support the French Canadians

E. The British failure to capture Philadelphia

A

"The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute [laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites' assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm management in the new republic. . . .

"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric that abolition, by ending 'the problem'—the sin of slavery and the troublesome presence of slaves—would result in the eventual absence of people of color themselves. In other words, Whites anticipated that free people of color, would, by some undefined moment (always imminent), have disappeared."

-Joanne Pope Melish, historian, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860, published in 1998

The author claims in the excerpt that antislavery rhetoric in the late eighteenth century was based on

A. the belief that emancipated people would not be a presence in society

B. religious ideals formed during the First Great Awakening

C. legal precedent established during the colonial period

D. the concern that revolutionary conflict would spread from France to the United States

A

"The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute [laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites' assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm management in the new republic. . . .

"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric that abolition, by ending 'the problem'—the sin of slavery and the troublesome presence of slaves—would result in the eventual absence of people of color themselves. In other words, Whites anticipated that free people of color, would, by some undefined moment (always imminent), have disappeared."

-Joanne Pope Melish, historian, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860, published in 1998

The author argues that emancipation in northern states occurred

A. as a result of Supreme Court rulings

B. through amendments to state constitutions

C. over a long period of time

D. in response to widespread protests

C

"The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute [laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites' assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm management in the new republic. . . .

"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric that abolition, by ending 'the problem'—the sin of slavery and the troublesome presence of slaves—would result in the eventual absence of people of color themselves. In other words, Whites anticipated that free people of color, would, by some undefined moment (always imminent), have disappeared."

-Joanne Pope Melish, historian, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860, published in 1998

The author makes which of the following arguments in the excerpt about the perceptions Whites maintained regarding emancipated people in the North?

A. They expected emancipated people to assimilate into society.

B. They believed that emancipated people were unable to take care of themselves.

C. They hoped that emancipated people would provide a source of inexpensive labor.

D. They assumed that emancipated people would advocate for abolition in the South.

B

The government of the Articles of Confederation was successful in resolving the problem of how to

A. open British Caribbean ports to American trade

B. enable American citizens to trade through the port of New Orleans

C. overcome state-imposed tariff barriers to interstate commerce

D. provide for statehood for western territories

E. secure sufficient funds for payment of the national debt

D

The Sons of Liberty initiated the Boston Tea Party in direct response to

A. the removal of British troops from Massachusetts during the French and Indian War

B. Parliament's passage of the Intolerable Acts

C. British efforts to protect the East India Company from bankruptcy

D. British attacks on colonial troops at Lexington and Concord

E. Lord Hillsborough's decision to dissolve the Massachusetts Assembly

C

"Threatened by popular political victories [in the states] and widespread resistance, many elite Pennsylvanians launched an effort to remake the state and national governments so that they were less democratic. . . . Popular policies and resistance . . . threatened elite ideals. . . . Popular calls for a revaluation of war debt certificates, bans on for-profit corporations, progressive taxation, limits on land speculation, and every other measure designed to make property more equal promised to take wealth away from the elite. . . . It was also threatening that popular politics frightened off potential European investors. . . . [They] were alarmed by the Pennsylvania legislature's 1785 [cancellation] of the Bank of North America's corporate charter. . . .

. . . The push for the Constitution was based in part on the belief that state governments across the new nation had been too democratic and, as a result, had produced policies . . . that threatened elite interests. Most of the men who assembled at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 were also convinced that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to counter the rising tide of democracy in the states."

-Terry Bouton, historian, Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution, 2007

One piece of evidence Bouton uses to support his argument about why some United States political leaders sought to replace the Articles of Confederation in 1787 was that they

A. thought that a strong central government threatened Americans' liberties

B. opposed the economic policies that some state legislatures pursued

C. believed that the national government should be more democratic

D. sought to discourage Europeans from investing in the United States

B

"Threatened by popular political victories [in the states] and widespread resistance, many elite Pennsylvanians launched an effort to remake the state and national governments so that they were less democratic. . . . Popular policies and resistance . . . threatened elite ideals. . . . Popular calls for a revaluation of war debt certificates, bans on for-profit corporations, progressive taxation, limits on land speculation, and every other measure designed to make property more equal promised to take wealth away from the elite. . . . It was also threatening that popular politics frightened off potential European investors. . . . [They] were alarmed by the Pennsylvania legislature's 1785 [cancellation] of the Bank of North America's corporate charter. . . .

. . . The push for the Constitution was based in part on the belief that state governments across the new nation had been too democratic and, as a result, had produced policies . . . that threatened elite interests. Most of the men who assembled at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 were also convinced that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to counter the rising tide of democracy in the states."

-Terry Bouton, historian, Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution, 2007

The ratification of the United States Constitution despite the "resistance" described in the excerpt is best understood in the context of which of the following developments?

A. The threat to the neutral trading rights of the United States

B. The persistence of regional cultures in the new United States

C. The agreement by some state delegates to pursue a Bill of Rights

D. The mistrust of centralized authority by some Anti-Federalist politicians

C

"Threatened by popular political victories [in the states] and widespread resistance, many elite Pennsylvanians launched an effort to remake the state and national governments so that they were less democratic. . . . Popular policies and resistance . . . threatened elite ideals. . . . Popular calls for a revaluation of war debt certificates, bans on for-profit corporations, progressive taxation, limits on land speculation, and every other measure designed to make property more equal promised to take wealth away from the elite. . . . It was also threatening that popular politics frightened off potential European investors. . . . [They] were alarmed by the Pennsylvania legislature's 1785 [cancellation] of the Bank of North America's corporate charter. . . .

. . . The push for the Constitution was based in part on the belief that state governments across the new nation had been too democratic and, as a result, had produced policies . . . that threatened elite interests. Most of the men who assembled at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 were also convinced that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to counter the rising tide of democracy in the states."

-Terry Bouton, historian, Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution, 2007

The relationship established between the federal government and the states under the United States Constitution was a long-term response to which of the following earlier developments?

A. The claims of parliamentary authority over colonial legislatures

B. George Washington's warning against the formation of permanent alliances

C. Frontier conflicts between Native Americans and British colonists

D. Democratic-Republican opposition to Alexander Hamilton's economic policies

A

"'I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'"

-Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997

Britain attempted to pay for the debt resulting from the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) by

A. charging immigrants a fee to relocate to North America

B. selling ships from its navy to colonial merchants

C. increasing taxes on goods bought and sold in the colonies

D. sponsoring expeditions to locate valuable resources

C

"'I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'"

-Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997

Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in North America?

A. Intensified competition between France and Britain over colonies

B. Efforts by Britain to monopolize tobacco sales in Europe

C. Spanish attempts to end British control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

D. Britain's desire to enact new taxes on Native American nations

A

"'I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'"

-Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997

The British government attempted to restrict westward settlement following the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in order to

A. support the fur trade east of the Appalachian Mountains

B. discourage immigration to the North American colonies

C. give French settlers time to leave Canada

D. minimize conflicts with Native Americans

D

By the time of the American Revolution, most patriots had come to believe that, in republican government, sovereignty was located in

A. the people

B. Parliament

C. state governments

D. factions

E. a centralized government

A

Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense attacked which of the following?

A. France for its failure to support the colonial war effort

B. Parliament for its continued opposition to the king of England

C. Politicians who believed a small island could not effectively rule a distant continent

D. The king of England and the principle of monarchy

E. The authors of the Declaration of Independence

D

As originally ratified, the United States Constitution provided for

A. a presidential Cabinet

B. a two-term presidential limit

C. an electoral college

D. political parties

E. the direct election of United States senators

C

As originally ratified, the United States Constitution provided for

A. political parties

B. a president cabinet

C. the direct election of senators

D. an electoral college

E. a two-term presidential limit

D

Which statement is true of the United States Constitution?

A. The Constitution cannot be amended.

B. Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Constitution.

C. The Constitution was modeled on the French system of government.

D. The Constitution established a unicameral legislature.

E. The Constitution's checks and balances helped establish a stable government.

E

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 did all of the following EXCEPT

A. create a government that would be satisfactory to both slave and free states

B. create a government that would be satisfactory to both large and small states

C. create a strong central government that would not threaten the sovereignty of the states

D. establish a balance of power between the three branches of the national government

E. determine provisions to be included in the Bill of Rights

E

The role of women expressed in the cult of domesticity had its roots in

A. Progressive Era urban reform

B. mid-nineteenth-century nativism

C. the early twentieth-century suffrage movement

D. republican motherhood

E. the reaction against feminism after the Second World War

D

The Declaration of Independence did all of the following EXCEPT

A. appeal to the philosophy of natural rights

B. call for the abolition of the slave trade

C. appeal to the sympathies if the English people

D. criticize the provisions of the Quebec Act of 1774

E. accuse George III of tyranny

B

All of the following contributed to discontent among soldiers in the Continental Army EXCEPT:

A. Most soldiers were draftees.

B. The soldiers feared for the welfare of families back home.

C. The army had inadequate arms and ammunition.

D. The army paid soldiers in depreciated paper money.

E. The army was inadequately fed and clothed.

A

During the War for Independence, the principal reason the American government sought diplomatic recognition from foreign powers was to

A. rally all the states behind a common cause

B. convince the British of the justice of the American cause

C. make it easier to levy taxes on the citizens of the several states

D. facilitate the purchase of arms and borrowing of money from other nations

E. allow Von Steuben, Lafayette, and other Europeans to join the American army

D

The Constitutional Convention designed the electoral college to

A. strengthen the legislative branch against the executive branch

B. strengthen the executive branch against the legislative branch

C. ensure the independence of the judiciary

D. protect the sovereignty of the states

E. insulate the presidency from the popular will

E

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure."

-A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787

The views expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to

A. the addition of the Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted

B. a series of rebellions and revolutions in France, Haiti, and Latin America

C. the elimination of the international slave trade

D. the creation of a strong central government

A

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure."

-A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787

The opinion expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been held by

A. an advocate of republican motherhood

B. an Anti-Federalist

C. a Loyalist

D. an abolitionist

B

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure."

-A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787

Which of the following factors contributed most directly to the views expressed in the excerpt?

A. The limitations placed on the federal government by the Articles of confederation

B. The fear of excessive centralized authority

C. The efforts made to increase economic growth in the new nation

D. The desire to settle new territory controlled by American Indians

B

The Federalist papers were written in order to

A. mobilize popular support for keeping the Articles of Confederation

B. persuade voters to support Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800

C. frustrate Spanish efforts to sway the political loyalty of the Southwest

D. persuade the Continental Congress to declare independence

E. attain ratification of the Constitution

E

The financial programs of Alexander Hamilton included all of the following EXCEPT

A. funding of the national debt

B. nullification of all private debts to the states

C. imposition of a tax on distilled liquor

D. establishment of the Bank of the United States

E. assumption of all state debts

B

To make the new government viable, the first Congress of the United States did all of the following EXCEPT

A. organize a federal court system under the Supreme Court

B. draft a bill of rights and send it to the states for ratification

C. pass a tariff for the purpose of raising revenue

D. grant subsidies to encourage industrial development

E. establish the State Department

D

The First Continental Congress called for the Continental Association to

A. identify Loyalists

B. gather military supplies

C. spy on British troop movements

D. enforce an economic boycott of British goods

E. organize protests against new British taxes

D

France negotiated a treaty of alliance with the new American nation in 1778 following

A. the defeat of the British General Burgoyne at Saratoga

B. American naval victories on the Great Lakes

C. the dispatch of an American peace mission to Britain

D. an ultimatum by American diplomats

E. a personal plea by George Washington

A

Which of the following was true of the French-American Alliance formed in 1778?

A. It contributed little to the American victory in the Revolutionary War.

B. It restricted French naval activity to the high seas, far from the North American coast.

C. It influenced the British to offer generous peace terms in the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

D. It allowed the French to repossess their North American colonies lost in 1763.

E. It specifically prohibited the deployment of French troops on North American soil.

C

After the French and Indian War, British political leaders were determined to

A. require the North American colonies to pay a greater share of the empire's administrative expenses

B. end slavery in the North American colonies

C. encourage colonial expansion into the Ohio Valley by moving all American Indian peoples further west

D. strengthen the French colonial holdings in Canada and the northwest to discourage Spanish expansion

E. convert all Catholic colonists to the beliefs of the Anglican Church

A

A major consequence of the French and Indian War of 1754-1763 was the

A. legal settlement of the trans-Appalachian frontier by British colonists

B. imposition of new taxes on the British North American colonies

C. shrinking of Spanish territorial claims in North America

D. removal of British troops from the thirteen colonies

E. change in status of the proprietary colonies to royal colonies

B

France decided to aid the North American colonies in their war for independence primarily because France

A. was working to establish democratic rule in European countries

B. saw the war as an opportunity to end the international slave trade

C. wanted to weaken the British empire

D. was allied with Spain, which had already joined the colonists' cause

E. had long been the primary trading partner of the North American colonies

C

"It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it.

"My principal objections to the plan are, that there is no adequate provision for a representation of the people; . . . that some of the powers of the legislature are ambiguous . . . ; that the executive is blended with, and will have an undue influence over, the legislature; that the judicial department will be oppressive; . . . and that the system is without the security of a bill of rights. These are objections which are not local, but apply equally to all the states.

"As the Convention was called for the 'sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . ,' I did not conceive that these powers extend to the formation of the plan proposed; but the Convention being of a different opinion, I acquiesced [agreed] in it, being fully convinced that, to preserve the Union, an efficient government was indispensably necessary, and that it would be difficult to make proper amendments to the Articles of Confederation.

"The Constitution proposed has few, if any, federal features, but is rather a system of national government. Nevertheless, in many respects, I think it has great merit, and, by proper amendments, may be adapted. . . .

"Others may suppose that the Constitution may be safely adopted, because therein provision is made to amend it. But cannot this object be better attained before a ratification than after it? And should a free people adopt a form of government under conviction that it wants [needs] amendment?"

-Elbridge Gerry, letter to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1787

Gerry made which of the following arguments regarding amending the Constitution?

A. A Bill of Rights should be added before ratification.

B. Enslaved people should not be counted for representation.

C. The executive and legislative branches should share more power.

D. More populous states should have greater representation in Congress.

A

"It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it.

"My principal objections to the plan are, that there is no adequate provision for a representation of the people; . . . that some of the powers of the legislature are ambiguous . . . ; that the executive is blended with, and will have an undue influence over, the legislature; that the judicial department will be oppressive; . . . and that the system is without the security of a bill of rights. These are objections which are not local, but apply equally to all the states.

"As the Convention was called for the 'sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . ,' I did not conceive that these powers extend to the formation of the plan proposed; but the Convention being of a different opinion, I acquiesced [agreed] in it, being fully convinced that, to preserve the Union, an efficient government was indispensably necessary, and that it would be difficult to make proper amendments to the Articles of Confederation.

"The Constitution proposed has few, if any, federal features, but is rather a system of national government. Nevertheless, in many respects, I think it has great merit, and, by proper amendments, may be adapted. . . .

"Others may suppose that the Constitution may be safely adopted, because therein provision is made to amend it. But cannot this object be better attained before a ratification than after it? And should a free people adopt a form of government under conviction that it wants [needs] amendment?"

-Elbridge Gerry, letter to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1787

Gerry made which of the following arguments in the excerpt about the Articles of Confederation?

A. The Articles needed to be amended to make slavery illegal.

B. The Articles were mostly effective at funding the central government.

C. The problems of the Articles could not be fixed by the state delegates.

D. The state governments should be given increased power under the Articles.

C

"It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it.

"My principal objections to the plan are, that there is no adequate provision for a representation of the people; . . . that some of the powers of the legislature are ambiguous . . . ; that the executive is blended with, and will have an undue influence over, the legislature; that the judicial department will be oppressive; . . . and that the system is without the security of a bill of rights. These are objections which are not local, but apply equally to all the states.

"As the Convention was called for the 'sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . ,' I did not conceive that these powers extend to the formation of the plan proposed; but the Convention being of a different opinion, I acquiesced [agreed] in it, being fully convinced that, to preserve the Union, an efficient government was indispensably necessary, and that it would be difficult to make proper amendments to the Articles of Confederation.

"The Constitution proposed has few, if any, federal features, but is rather a system of national government. Nevertheless, in many respects, I think it has great merit, and, by proper amendments, may be adapted. . . .

"Others may suppose that the Constitution may be safely adopted, because therein provision is made to amend it. But cannot this object be better attained before a ratification than after it? And should a free people adopt a form of government under conviction that it wants [needs] amendment?"

-Elbridge Gerry, letter to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1787

In the excerpt, Gerry claimed that he did not sign the United States Constitution for which of the following reasons?

A. He required approval from the Massachusetts legislature.

B. He demanded that he be appointed to the new government.

C. He believed that the United States should return to British rule.

D. He believed the new government insufficiently protected the rights of citizens.

D

"It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it.

"My principal objections to the plan are, that there is no adequate provision for a representation of the people; . . . that some of the powers of the legislature are ambiguous . . . ; that the executive is blended with, and will have an undue influence over, the legislature; that the judicial department will be oppressive; . . . and that the system is without the security of a bill of rights. These are objections which are not local, but apply equally to all the states.

"As the Convention was called for the 'sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . ,' I did not conceive that these powers extend to the formation of the plan proposed; but the Convention being of a different opinion, I acquiesced [agreed] in it, being fully convinced that, to preserve the Union, an efficient government was indispensably necessary, and that it would be difficult to make proper amendments to the Articles of Confederation.

"The Constitution proposed has few, if any, federal features, but is rather a system of national government. Nevertheless, in many respects, I think it has great merit, and, by proper amendments, may be adapted. . . .

"Others may suppose that the Constitution may be safely adopted, because therein provision is made to amend it. But cannot this object be better attained before a ratification than after it? And should a free people adopt a form of government under conviction that it wants [needs] amendment?"

-Elbridge Gerry, letter to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1787

Arguments for creating a stronger federal government arose primarily as the result of long-term concerns about the

A. attempts by Great Britain to regain its former North American colonies

B. use of congressional funds to build road networks between the states

C. challenge of establishing rules to allow territories to become new states

D. inability of the national government to maintain order under the Articles

D

The government under the Articles of Confederation consisted of

A. only a unicameral legislature

B. only executive and judicial branches

C. only legislative and judicial branches

D. legislative, judicial, and executive branches

E. only a bicameral legislature

A

Under the Articles of Confederation the United States central government had no power to

A. levy taxes

B. make treaties

C. declare war

D. request troops from states

E. amend the Articles

A

The Great Compromise of 1787 resulted in

A. a final settlement of the question of slavery

B. a renewal of the Articles of Confederation

C. the creation of a national bank

D. a system of political representation for the states in the federal government

E. a border agreement between the United States and Canada

D

"In the time of the late war, being desirous to defend, secure, and promote the Rights and Liberties of the people, we spared no pains but freely granted all the aid and assistance of every kind that our civil fathers [political leaders] required of us.

"We are sensible also that a great debt is justly brought upon us by the War, and we are as willing to pay our share towards it as we are to enjoy our shares in independency. . . .

"But with the greatest submission we beg leave to inform your Honors that unless something takes place more favorable to the people, in a little time at least one half of our inhabitants in our opinion will become bankrupt. . . . When we compute the taxes laid upon us the five preceding years, the State and County, town, and class taxes, the amount is equal to what our farms will rent for. Sirs in this situation, what have we to live on: No money to be had; our estates daily posted and sold. . . . Surely your Honors are no strangers to the distresses of the people but do know that many of our good inhabitants are now confined in jail for debt and for taxes. . . . Will not the people in the neighboring states say of this state: although the Massachusetts [people] boast of their fine Constitution, their government is such that it devours their inhabitants?

". . . If your Honors find anything above mentioned worthy of notice, we earnestly pray that . . . [the state legislature] would point out some way whereby the people might be relieved."

-Petition from the town of Greenwich to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1786

Which of the following claims did the residents of Greenwich use to most support their argument that they should be "relieved" by the Massachusetts legislature from the situation described in the petition?

A. They believed that Massachusetts should pay off its war debts.

B. They earned enough money to pay their state taxes.

C. They were eager to gain the benefits of independence.

D. They had aided the government during the Revolutionary War.

D

"In the time of the late war, being desirous to defend, secure, and promote the Rights and Liberties of the people, we spared no pains but freely granted all the aid and assistance of every kind that our civil fathers [political leaders] required of us.

"We are sensible also that a great debt is justly brought upon us by the War, and we are as willing to pay our share towards it as we are to enjoy our shares in independency. . . .

"But with the greatest submission we beg leave to inform your Honors that unless something takes place more favorable to the people, in a little time at least one half of our inhabitants in our opinion will become bankrupt. . . . When we compute the taxes laid upon us the five preceding years, the State and County, town, and class taxes, the amount is equal to what our farms will rent for. Sirs in this situation, what have we to live on: No money to be had; our estates daily posted and sold. . . . Surely your Honors are no strangers to the distresses of the people but do know that many of our good inhabitants are now confined in jail for debt and for taxes. . . . Will not the people in the neighboring states say of this state: although the Massachusetts [people] boast of their fine Constitution, their government is such that it devours their inhabitants?

". . . If your Honors find anything above mentioned worthy of notice, we earnestly pray that . . . [the state legislature] would point out some way whereby the people might be relieved."

-Petition from the town of Greenwich to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1786

Which of the following evidence used in the petition supports the claim that the Massachusetts government "devours their inhabitants"?

A. Many people living in Massachusetts fought in the Revolutionary War.

B. Many Massachusetts farmers were held in debtor's prison.

C. Massachusetts property owners typically rented land to tenants.

D. Massachusetts incurred a state debt during the American Revolution.

B

"In the time of the late war, being desirous to defend, secure, and promote the Rights and Liberties of the people, we spared no pains but freely granted all the aid and assistance of every kind that our civil fathers [political leaders] required of us.

"We are sensible also that a great debt is justly brought upon us by the War, and we are as willing to pay our share towards it as we are to enjoy our shares in independency. . . .

"But with the greatest submission we beg leave to inform your Honors that unless something takes place more favorable to the people, in a little time at least one half of our inhabitants in our opinion will become bankrupt. . . . When we compute the taxes laid upon us the five preceding years, the State and County, town, and class taxes, the amount is equal to what our farms will rent for. Sirs in this situation, what have we to live on: No money to be had; our estates daily posted and sold. . . . Surely your Honors are no strangers to the distresses of the people but do know that many of our good inhabitants are now confined in jail for debt and for taxes. . . . Will not the people in the neighboring states say of this state: although the Massachusetts [people] boast of their fine Constitution, their government is such that it devours their inhabitants?

". . . If your Honors find anything above mentioned worthy of notice, we earnestly pray that . . . [the state legislature] would point out some way whereby the people might be relieved."

-Petition from the town of Greenwich to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1786

The concern in the petition about the effect of taxation is best understood in continuity with which of the following earlier developments?

A. The increased competition between the British and French in North America

B. The passage of gradual emancipation laws in some northern states

C. The revolt against British imperial control of the North American colonies

D. The development of opposition to the United States Constitution

C

"In the time of the late war, being desirous to defend, secure, and promote the Rights and Liberties of the people, we spared no pains but freely granted all the aid and assistance of every kind that our civil fathers [political leaders] required of us.

"We are sensible also that a great debt is justly brought upon us by the War, and we are as willing to pay our share towards it as we are to enjoy our shares in independency. . . .

"But with the greatest submission we beg leave to inform your Honors that unless something takes place more favorable to the people, in a little time at least one half of our inhabitants in our opinion will become bankrupt. . . . When we compute the taxes laid upon us the five preceding years, the State and County, town, and class taxes, the amount is equal to what our farms will rent for. Sirs in this situation, what have we to live on: No money to be had; our estates daily posted and sold. . . . Surely your Honors are no strangers to the distresses of the people but do know that many of our good inhabitants are now confined in jail for debt and for taxes. . . . Will not the people in the neighboring states say of this state: although the Massachusetts [people] boast of their fine Constitution, their government is such that it devours their inhabitants?

". . . If your Honors find anything above mentioned worthy of notice, we earnestly pray that . . . [the state legislature] would point out some way whereby the people might be relieved."

-Petition from the town of Greenwich to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1786

Concerns about domestic political unrest in the early United States were lessened by which of the following developments?

A. The outbreak of the Haitian Revolution

B. The creation of a stronger central government

C. The attempts by Native American peoples to limit White settlement

D. The conflict between Great Britain and France after the French Revolution

B

In the United States, the Haitian rebellion of the 1790's prompted

A. the acquisition of Puerto Rico for colonization by emancipated slaves

B. a movement of free African American's to Haiti

C. the passage of a federal law increasing the severity of punishments for slave rebellions

D. an increased fear of slave revolts in the South

E. a military expedition of southern slaveholders to restore French rule in Haiti

D

Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to

A. prepare the United States for war in the event Britain failed to vacate its posts in the Northwest

B. provide a platform for the fledgling Federalist Party's 1792 campaign

C. establish the financial stability and credit of the new government

D. ensure northern dominance over the southern states in order to abolish slavery

E. win broad political support for his own candidacy for the presidency in 1792

C

Although Congress accepted most of Alexander Hamilton's economic proposals, it rejected his

A. Report on the Public Credit

B. call for direct subsidies to manufacturers

C. plans for a Bank of the United States

D. call for a whiskey tax

E. call for a tariff

B

Alexander Hamilton's financial program was most favorable to

A. western farmers

B. war veterans

C. southern planters

D. eastern merchants

E. state bankers

D

Alexander Hamilton's domestic and foreign policies were directed primarily toward strengthening the federal government by

A. favoring free trade

B. substituting a parliamentary for federal system of government

C. averting United States entanglement in Europe's wars

D. favoring the interests of the propertied and monied classes

E. establishing gold as the sole backing of United States currency

D

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution…. But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide."

-Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955

During the constitutional ratification process, Anti-Federalists' concerns, as described in the excerpt, were most directly addressed by an agreement to

A. grant citizenship rights to women and American Indians

B. adopt the Bill of Rights

C. expand the role of the states in foreign affairs

D. allow the states to print money

B

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution…. But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide."

-Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955

The Anti-Federalists' view of government power during the 1780s, as described in the excerpt, is best reflected by which of the following?

A. Debates about the incorporation of new territories into the United States

B. The expansion of women's political roles as a result of the ideas of republican motherhood

C. The existence of many state constitutions that limited executive authority

D. The shift from emphasizing inherited wealth and status to emphasizing individual merit

C

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution…. But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide."

-Cecelia M. Kenyon, historian, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," 1955

By the 1790s the ideas of the Anti-Federalists contributed most directly to the

A. imposition of a protective tariff

B. abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade

C. continued use of property qualifications for voting in most states

D. resistance of western farmers to federal oversight

D

In 1787-1789, which of the following groups was most likely to oppose ratification of the Constitution?

A. Farmers in isolated areas

B. Export merchants

C. Former officers in the Continental Army

D. Southern planters

E. Urban artisans

A

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . .

"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."

-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

Paine's rhetoric in the excerpt would have most likely been interpreted at the time as promoting the

A. independence of the American colonies

B. sale of British colonies to France

C. elimination of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the colonies

D. election of representatives from the colonies to Parliament

A

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . .

"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."

-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

Paine's argument best provides evidence for which of the following developments resulting from the American Revolution?

A. The rapid creation of an industrialized economy in the United States

B. The increase in immigration from continental Europe and reduction in immigration from Great Britain

C. The emergence of a unique American national identity separate from that of Europe

D. The fear among the Spanish and French that that revolutionary ideas would spread, which prompted them to abandon their colonies

C

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . .

"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."

-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

The ideas expressed in the excerpt best reflect which of the following historical processes?

A. The desire to fund transportation improvements to settle the interior of North America

B. The persistence of aspects of African culture among enslaved people

C. The creation of alliances between Europeans and Native Americans

D. The transmission of Enlightenment ideals across the Atlantic

D

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . .

"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."

-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

Paine's argument "that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still" was most likely in reference to which of the following situations?

A. The hope that religious dissenters would agree to join the Church of England

B. The challenges faced by settlers who moved west of the Appalachian Mountains

C. The belief among colonists that they had earned a right to greater liberty from Britain

D. The concern that increased debt following the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) would decrease the value of American goods

D

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . .

"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."

-Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

Which of the following historical situations most directly shaped Paine's argument that Britain's policies were economically harming its colonies?

A. Increased immigration to the Americas

B. Continued enforcement of mercantilism

C. Limitations on indentured servitude

D. Demand for raw materials

B

Thomas Jefferson believed all of the following EXCEPT:

A. A strong national army is essential to keep order in the United States.

B. The farmer is the backbone of American society.

C. The government is best that governs least.

D. The president should practice republican simplicity.

E. Freedom of speech is essential in a republic.

A

Thomas Jefferson disagreed with Alexander Hamilton's economic plan primarily because he feared that it would

A. make the new nation dependent on foreign markets for its exports

B. prevent the expansion of slavery to new states

C. lead to a military alliance with Great Britain against revolutionary France

D. lead to heavy taxes on whiskey producers in Pennsylvania

E. promote urban mercantile interests at the expense of agricultural interests

E

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here."

-Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795

Which of the following was an important consequence of the debate over the Jay Treaty?

A. The United States adopted a policy of isolationism.

B. Sectional tensions between the West and the South increased.

C. Federalists introduced legislation in Congress to establish a constitutional monarchy on the British model.

D. Strong disagreements over policy promoted the development of political parties.

D

"Mr. Jay's treaty [which reestablished trade and diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain following the Revolutionary War] has at length been made public. So general a burst of dissatisfaction never before appeared against any transaction. Those who understand the particular articles of it, condemn these articles. Those who do not understand them minutely, condemn it generally as wearing a hostile face to France. This last is the most numerous class, comprehending the whole body of the people, who have taken a greater interest in this transaction than they were ever known to do in any other. It has in my opinion completely demolished the monarchical party here."

-Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Monroe, September 6, 1795

Which of the following was a reason the United States government believed it necessary to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain following the American Revolution?

A. British activities and landholdings in North America were an impediment to western settlement and peace along the frontier.

B. Northerners hoped that Britain's antislavery position would pressure southern states to abolish slavery.

C. The Washington administration wanted to improve relations to encourage France to sell the Louisiana Territory.

D. The government wanted to mediate a better relationship between France and Britain to help bring peace to the European continent.

A

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."

-Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801

In highlighting "the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated," Jefferson was referring most directly to

A. passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were designed to suppress criticism of the government

B. Great Britain's efforts to deny colonists their political rights in the years before the American Revolution

C. the use of government force to put down popular uprisings like Shays' Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion

D. restrictive anti-American Indian policies that conflicted with the nation's professed political ideals

A

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."

-Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801

Which of the following issues of the period was Jefferson most likely concerned with in the excerpt?

A. The growth of slave labor

B. The creation of political parties

C. The expansion of the right to vote

D. The growth of various Protestant religious groups

B

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions took the position that

A. only the United States Supreme Court had the power to restrict freedom of speech and press

B. the authority of state governments included the power to decide whether or not an act of Congress was constitutional

C. only fiscal measures initiated by state legislatures could be acted on by Congress

D. Congress was responsible for maintaining the vitality of a "loyal opposition" political party

E. the "supremacy clause" of the Constitution applied only to foreign affairs

B

"And what would the reader say, were I to tell him of a Member of Congress, who wished to see one of these murderous machines employed for lopping off the heads of the French, permanent in the State-house yard of the city of Philadelphia?"

The 1796 letter to a Philadelphia newspaper quoted above refers to which of the following?

A. The Democratic-Republicans' opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts

B. The Federalists' quasi-war against France

C. The Federalists' failure to counter political opposition

D. The Democratic-Republicans' condemnations of John Adams' administration

E. The Democratic-Republicans' enthusiasm for the French Revolution

E

Which of the following documents formed a national government?

A. The Albany Plan of Union

B. The Articles of Confederation

C. The Federalist papers

D. The Mayflower Compact

E. The Stamp Act Resolves

B

"Be it enacted … That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America … in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations … and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only … under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."

— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

One direct long-term effect of the Navigation Act was that it

A. promoted commercial treaties with Spain and France throughout the 1700s

B. contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement

C. encouraged colonists in North America to expand trade agreements with American Indians

D. led to the imposition of heavy taxes on the North American colonists in the early 1700s

B

"For the increase of shipping… from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging… but in ships or vessels as do… belong only to the people of England… and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English….

"And it is further enacted… that… no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be… transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land… other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty."

-English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660

In the 1760s many English colonists in North America reacted to imperial governance by

A. opposing restrictions on religious worship

B. protesting a lack of representation in Parliament

C. refusing to adopt the English legal system

D. demanding independence from England

B

"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other power vested by this Constitution."

Alexander Hamilton used the clause above to

A. support his argument for a strong central government in The Federalist papers

B. justify revising the Articles of Confederation

C. convince the federal government to create the First Bank of the United States

D. substantiate his strict interpretation of the Constitution

E. lobby Congress for a protective tariff to promote United States industry

C

The American colonists' slogan "No taxation without representation" was a rejection of

A. salutary neglect

B. nativism

C. mercantilism

D. virtual representation

E. classical republicanism

D

What did the Northwest Ordinance accomplish?

A. It prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

B. It resolved the boundary dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania.

C. It established procedures by which territories could become states.

D. It guaranteed that the United States would not violate the Iroquois Confederacy's territory.

E. It determined how the states would distribute land and property captured from Canada during the War of 1812.

C

The Northwest Ordinances did which of the following?

A. Provided for the annexation of the Oregon Territory.

B. Established reservations for Native Americans.

C. Granted settlers a free homestead of 160 acres.

D. Established the terms for settlement and admission of new states.

E. Banned slavery north of the 36° 30′ line.

D

The provisions established by Pinckney's Treaty were important to the development of United States commerce because they

A. provided the basis for a profitable fishing enterprise along the Mississippi River

B. transformed the Mississippi River into an important defensive boundary against Spanish invasions

C. resolved a long-standing territorial dispute with the French

D. encouraged the development of trade through the port of New Orleans

E. gave the United States possession of Florida

D

Pinckney's Treaty with Spain is considered a diplomatic highlight of Washington's administration because it

A. allowed the United States to use the port of New Orleans

B. ceded Florida to the United States

C. invited Americans to settle in Texas

D. opened Spanish Caribbean ports to American trade

E. withdrew Spain's military forces from the Caribbean

A

The Proclamation Line of 1763 was designed to

A. limit western expansion of colonial settlement

B. establish a defensible boundary between the British and the French colonists along the Appalachian Mountains

C. divide western territories into future royal colonies

D. restrict British immigration to the North American colonies

E. create more taxable income for the royal government by selling western territories

A

The primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was to

A. encourage westward colonial migration

B. avoid conflict with the trans-Appalachian Indians

C. gain much-needed revenue

D. drive out French colonists

E. provide a haven for Catholics

B

The Proclamation of 1763 sought to

A. raise revenue in the British North American colonies to pay for the war against France

B. affirm the power of Parliament over the colonies

C. prevent conflicts with American Indians on the colonial frontier

D. establish British control over New France

E. make provisions for prosecuting smugglers before Admiralty courts

C

Which of the following helped to convince several states to ratify the United States Constitution?

A. George Washington gave speeches to large public gatherings, asking for their support.

B. Thomas Jefferson published essays on the virtues of the Constitution.

C. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton anonymously published essays explaining the benefits of a strong federal government.

D. Supporters organized letter-writing campaigns urging the adoption of the Constitution.

E. The Constitutional Convention gave states control over western lands.

C

"His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the Friendship and good correspondence which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a convention several points. . . .

"Article IV

"It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi . . . ; and his Catholic Majesty has likewise agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by special convention. . . .

"Article XXII

"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future give to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require; . . . his Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans."

-Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795

Which of the following was a primary reason that the United States and Spain agreed to the articles outlined in the excerpt?

A. To force Great Britain to give up its colonial claims in Canada

B. To provide land for the establishment of Catholic missions

C. To minimize tensions caused by United States expansion into western territory

D. To prevent France from reclaiming the territory it lost after the Seven Years' War

C

"His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the Friendship and good correspondence which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a convention several points. . . .

"Article IV

"It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi . . . ; and his Catholic Majesty has likewise agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by special convention. . . .

"Article XXII

"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future give to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require; . . . his Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans."

-Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795

The agreements made in the excerpt best reflect which of the following concerns in the United States during this period?

A. How to support western settlers beyond the Appalachian Mountains

B. How to avoid the establishment of political parties

C. Whether to assist the French in their war against Great Britain

D. Whether to allow slavery to expand into new territories

A

"His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the Friendship and good correspondence which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a convention several points. . . .

"Article IV

"It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi . . . ; and his Catholic Majesty has likewise agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by special convention. . . .

"Article XXII

"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future give to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require; . . . his Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans."

-Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795

Which of the following groups would have most likely supported the agreements made in the excerpt?

A. Fur trappers on the Pacific coast

B. White farmers in Kentucky

C. Merchants in New England

D. Native American leaders in Louisiana

B

"In the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies."

The appeal quoted above was made by

A. Judith Sargent Murray

B. Abigail Adams

C. Philip Freneau

D. Mercy Otis Warren

E. Thomas Paine

B

After the Revolution, the concept of the "republican mother" suggested that

A. women would be responsible for raising their children, especially their sons, to be virtuous citizens of the young republic

B. voting would soon become a privilege granted to educated and/or married women

C. the first duty of mothers was to serve the needs of government

D. wives and mothers would be welcome in the emerging political parties

E. women's virtues had been the inspiration for the ideals of the Revolution

A

The concept of republican motherhood includes the idea that women should

A. have the right to vote

B. hold public office

C. be educated to raise their children to be good citizens

D. be encouraged to seek employment

E. have as many children as possible

C

The concept of republican motherhood, which historians have used to describe the roles of women in the early nineteenth century, emphasized the

A. importance of women in local political decision making

B. idea that mothers were responsible for instilling good citizenship values in children

C. expectation that women's maternal roles would lead them to promote social reform

D. centrality of women and mothers in religious revivalism

E. presumption that women should enter the labor force after having children

B

"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. . . . The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right."

-Majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, 1919

The restrictions imposed by the Schenck decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States?

A. Arguments for self-government asserted in the Declaration of Independence

B. Protection of liberties through the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791

C. Assertion of federal power over states' rights in the 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland decision

D. Expansion of voting rights during President Andrew Jackson's administration

B

What was the primary intention of the Adams administration in enforcing the Sedition Act?

A. To stop illegal aliens from voting

B. To intimidate critics of Adams' foreign policy toward France and England

C. To prosecute Democratic-Republicans who violated American neutrality

D. To prepare for war against Great Britain

E. To keep France from selling Louisiana to Spain

B

In the eighteenth century, British colonists wishing to settle west of the Appalachians were principally motivated by

A. the comparatively small numbers of American Indians in the old Northwest

B. the low price and easy availability of land

C. freedom from the threat of Spanish authorities

D. a desire to escape overcrowded cities along the Atlantic coast

E. promises of tax breaks for those willing to establish frontier settlements

B

Shays' Rebellion reflected which of the following tensions in United States society during the 1780s?

A. Conflict between Loyalist supporters of Great Britain and United States citizens

B. Concerns about increasing numbers of slaves in Massachusetts

C. Economic frustration of New England farmers who had trouble paying debts in hard currency

D. State governments' restrictions on westward expansion into the Ohio River Valley

E. Rivalries between merchants and shipbuilders in the Atlantic trade

C