Studied by 5 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
benedict anderson
key idea: nationalism
key concept: imagined communities
imagined communities
A nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by its citizens, even in the smallest nations, most members may never meet or interact.
Benedict Anderson
‘an imagined political community - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign’
Benedict Anderson quote, nationalism
Kwame Anthony Appiah
key idea: cosmopolitanism
key concept: identity
cosmopolitanism
The ideology that all humans belong to a single community based on a shared morality.
‘identities change, but they are not replaced with nothing: they are replaced with identities’
Appiah, identities quote
noam chomsky
key idea: libertarian-socialism
key concepts: neoliberalism, the propaganda model, the five filters of mass media
the five filters of mass media
ownership (profit at expense of truth)
funding/advertising (sell a product)
the media elite (cooperate)
flak (discredited)
the common enemy (scapegoat)
libertarian-socialism
aims to redistribute power more widely among members of society.
neoliberalism
the idea that the economy functions better when it is left alone by the govt
propaganda model of communication
examines the inequality of wealth and power in mass media, highlighting how money and power filter news, marginalise dissent, and promote dominant private interests
Chomsky quote
‘the general population doesn’t know what’s happening, and it doesn’t even know that it doesn’t know’
Thomas Hylland Erkisen
key idea: cultural relativism
key concepts: social anthropology, identity politics, ethnocentrism
cultural relativism
the belief that all customs, values and practices of a culture are relative to that particular culture
identity politics
political positions based on interests and perspectives of social groups with which people identify
ethnocentrism
describes the attitude that one’s own culture is superior to all others
social anthropology
the study of human societies and cultures
Andre Gunder Frank
key idea: neo-marxism
key concepts: dependency theory, world systems theory
neo-marxism
ideology which advances the key ideas of Marxism in the post-war period. critical of the global-political economy, the rise of global corporations and modern imperialism. focuses on succesful and unsuccesful demographics not the rich and poor.
dependency theory
the view that western nations have deliberately prevented the development of less-developed countries through modern imperialism and the global trading system
world systems theory
a historic international capitalist system of interconnectedness between powerful countries that maintained global inequality
paulo freire
key ideas: socialism, marxism
key concepts: banking concept of education, problem-posing education, conscientisation
socialism
economic system and political theory that favours distributing wealth and assets equally, so that all people, either directly or through their govts have a say
marxism
a political and economic idea of organising society, where the workers own the means of production
the banking concept of education
students are asked to rote learn in school, this turns them into containers filled by the teacher. education should treat the student as a co-creator of knowledge
problem-posing education
humans question the world around them to improve it. discussion between teacher and student, everyone learns together.
conscientisation
education must be centred on creating ‘conscious’ learners who want to liberate themselves from oppression and injustice
thomas hobbes
key idea: authoritarianism
key concept: the state of nature, the social contract
hobbes quote
‘the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’
authoritarianism
the enforcement of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom
the state of nature
the hypothetical life of people before societies, govt and the rule of law came into existence
social contract
a real or hypothetical agreement between the ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each
samuel p huntington
key idea: neoconservatism
key concept: conflict among civilisations (west and eat) replacing conflict between nation states
neoconservatism
a political ideology characterised by its support of free-market capitalism and interventionist foreign policy
western civilisation
this term is often used to describe the many cultures of European heritage that share common cultural ideas, traditions, identity, social norms and values, philosophy and history.
conflict between civilisations
‘The most important distinctions among peoples are no longer ideological, political or economic. They are cultural.’ Huntington
John Locke
key idea: liberalism
key concepts: the state of nature, the social contract, the law of nature, natural rights
liberalism
political and economic ideology that emphasises individual autonomy, equality of opportunity and protection of individual rights
the state of nature
the hypothetical life of people before societies, govt and the rule of law came into existence
the social contract
a real or hypothetical agreement between the rules and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each
law of nature
locke’s theory that the state of nature has natural, morally acceptable laws that govern it
natural rights
a set of rights that locke believed all human beings share and which cannot be taken away. these are rights to life, liberty and property
Kathleen Lynch
key idea: egalitarianism
key concepts: equality of condition, social justice
egalitarianism
the theory that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
social justice
justice through the redistribution of wealth, opportunities and privileges within a society
equality of condition
a principle promoted by Lynch that seeks to achieve equality in the material (eg income) and non-material (eg. family) conditions of individuals or groups in society
Karl Marx
key ideas: socialism, communism
key concepts: capitalist society, class conflict, dialectical materialism
10 aspects of a communist govt outlined in the Communist Manifesto
no private property
one national bank
progressive taxation
removal of inheritance rights
removal of property from emigrants and ‘rebels’
govt transport and communication
govt ownership of the means of production
the obligation of all people to work
equal distribution of population across the country
free education for all children
socialism
political and economic system in which most forms of economically valuable property and resources are owned by the public or state
communism
a political ideology that seeks to establish a classless society in which all property and means of production are owned by the state on behalf of community as a whole and where all people enjoy equal social and economic status
capitalist society
an economic social order where the means of production are privately owned. values private property and the free market
class conflict
marx’s theory that capitalists and workers are engaged in a struggle for economic and political power
dialectical materialism
marx’s theory that the past is grounded in an economic interpretation of history, arguing that all historical events are determined by economic conditions
Seán McDonagh
key ideas: ecologism, environmentalism
key concept: eco-theology
ecologism
a political ideology based on the position that the non-human world is worthy of moral consideration, and that this should be considered in shaping social, economic and political systems
environmentalism
concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment
eco-theology
a form of theology that focuses on the relationships of religion and nature, particularly surrounding environmental concerns
Robert Nozick
key idea: libertarianism
key concepts: natural justice, minimal state, neoliberalism
libertarianism
the belief that the less a state or govt intervenes in the economic and personal lives of its citizens the better
natural justice
the view that justice is served by considering what would occur naturally without state interference
minimal state
refers to a state or govt afforded the least possible amount of powers to remove any threat to liberty and property of the individual
neoliberalism
the idea that the economy functions better when it is left alone by the govt
Martha Nussbaum
key idea: feminism
key concept: capabilities approach, human development, social justice
feminism
the advocacy for women’s rights and the social, economic and political equality of the sexes
the capabilities approach
-theory on how to measure human development, and quality of life in order to tackle inequality and improve well-being
capabilities that must be afforded to citizens
life
health
bodily integrity
senses, imagination, thought
emotions
practical reasoning
affiliation
other species
play
human development
enhancing people’s opportunities and freedoms and improving their well-being
social justice
justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities and privileges within a society
Edward Said
key ideas: anti-colonialism, anti-nationalism
key concepts: orientalism, ‘us and them’
anti-colonialism/anti-nationalism
the struggle against imperial rule in colonised countries, mostly during the first half of the 20th century
orientalism
the western imitation or depiction of aspects in the eastern or non-western world. western society is portrayed as superior
us and them
‘demeaning stereotypes that have allowed people in the West to convince themselves that they are superior and are entitled to dominate and civilise the other’ Said
Vandana Shiva
key idea: environmentalism, eco-feminism
key concepts: earth democracy, eco-apartheid, eco-centrism
environmentalism
concern about and action aimed at protecting the enviroment
eco-feminism
a branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature
earth democracy
a philosophy that promotes the idea of an ‘earth family’ with no separation between nature and humans, and no hierarchies between species, culture, gender, race and faiths
eco-apartheid
the view that people wrongly believe that the lives of humans are separate from nature
eco-centrism
a view that considers the whole environment or eco-sphere as being important, without preference to organisms such as animals or humans
Sylvia Walby
key idea: feminism (unified)
key concepts: public and private patriarchy, six structures of patriarchy
feminism (unified)
Walby’s theory that brings the various forms of feminism together to offer a unifying analysis, focusing on the role of patriarchy
public and private patriarchy
Walby believes in two forms of patriarchy, public and private. according to walby women have overcome domestic patriarchy to some degree but private patriarchy (labour, education etc) continues to exist
six structures of patriarchy
household
paid work
culture
sexuality
violence
the state
Max Weber
coercive power: forcing people to act as you want on the basis of a threat of force
legitimate power is known as ‘authority’ power that is institutionalised and recognised by the people over whom it is exercised
charismatic authority: personality, charisma
traditional: beliefs or customs
rational-legal: system of rules
