mao's china 1949-76

When was the Anti-Rightist Campaign?

June 1957

When did Liu Shaoqi become State President?

1959

When was the PRC proclaimed?

1st October 1949

When was the CPPCC established?

1949

When was the Korean War?

1950-53

When were the Reunification Campaigns?

1950

When was the 3-antis campaign?

1951

When was the 5-antis campaign?

1952

When was the reform of the PLA?

1953

When was the New Constitution?

1954

When was Khrushchev's Secret Speech?

25 February 1956

When was the first call for the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

1956

When was the repeated call for the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

February 1957

When did Mao stand down as Head of State (President)?

1958

When did Mao retreat from public life?

1962

Who was a loyal Communist party member who was denounced during the Anti Rightist Campaign?

Ding Ling

Who held all four posts in North-Eastern Bureau of Manchuria and what happened to him in 1953?

Gao Gang - he was accused of factionalism and of plotting to replace Zhou Enlai, he committed suicide

Who was the Party leader in Shanghai and what happened to him in 1953?

Rao Shushi - he was accused of factionalism and died in prison in 1975

When did the Civil War end and who won?

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) won the Civil War in 1949

What were some of the issues that the CCP faced in 1949?

Continued Nationalist threat, administrative and economic chaos, lawlessness, lack of infrastructure, transport and expertise

What was put in place before the New Constitution?

The Common Program

What does the CPPCC stand for?

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

What was the Common Program?

The Common Program was a temporary constitution that defined China as a new democratic country which would practice a people's democratic dictatorship led by the proletariat and based on an alliance of workers and peasants

What did the CPPCC do in 1949?

They invited delegates from various friendly parties to attend and discuss the establishment of a new state.

Who was the head of the Military Affairs Commission?

Mao

How many people did the PLA kill from 1950-53?

100,000

When was the PLA conscription Law introduced?

1955

What was the PLA's role in the regional bureaux?

Two of the posts in the regional bureaux were military

What was the structure of the CCP in 1949?

Chairman (Mao) > Standing Committee (5) > Politburo (25) > Central Committee (49) > National People's Congress

How many people were in the bureaucracy by 1959?

8 million

What was the structure of the State in 1949?

Head of State (Mao) > Premier (Zhou Enlai) > 24 ministries > bureaucracy

Who was targeted in March 1950 during the suppression of counter-revolutionaries?

Nationalists, academics, Western businessmen and Christian missionaries

What were the 3-antis and who was targeted?

Corruption, Waste and Inefficient Bureaucracy (targeted old civil servants)

What were the 5-antis and who was targeted?

Bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on
government contracts and stealing state economic information (targeted middle
classes and businessmen)

How was Tibet targeted in the Reunification Campaigns?

A puppet government was set up in Lhasa, Tibetan language and culture were attacked, Han migration in 1952

When did the Dalai Lama flee Tibet?

1959

How was Xinjiang targeted in the Reunification Campaigns?

Xinjiang leaders were killed in a plane crash travelling to meet CPPCC, had a large Muslim population, Uighurs were targeted, PLA crushed resistance

Where did the Nationalists flee to?

Taiwan where they set up the ROC

How was Guangdong targeted in the Reunification Campaigns?

It was pro-nationalist and 28,000 were executed

How many inmates were there in the Laogai in 1955?

1.3 million

What were Mao's motives for the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

Desire for intellectual support, to remove bureaucrats, to distance himself from Stalin/as a dictator (De-Stalinisation in Russia), to remove opposition

How much of the Danwei had to be purged during the Anti-Rightist Campaign?

5%

How many Chinese were killed in the Korean War?

400,000 men (including Mao's son)

What were some successes of the Korean War?

Increased CCP control, unified China (common enemy), Patriotism (not defeated by UN troops), International Prestige (West = "paper tigers")

What were some failures of the Korean War?

Relations with the West ruined, reliant on USSR for aid and advice, Nationalists ROC was secure and supported by the USA

When was the Agrarian Land Reform Law?

1950

When was the Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty?

1950

When were MATs?

1951

When was the First Five Year Plan?

1952-56

When were APCs?

1953

When were Higher APCs?

1955

When was the first commune?

1958

When did the Great Leap Forward begin?

1958

When was the famine?

1959-62

When was the Lushan Conference?

1959

When did Soviet advisors leave China?

1960

When was the retreat from the Great Leap Forward?

1960

When were the grain imports?

1961

When was the Power struggle between Mao and Liu and Deng?

1962

When were the pragmatic reforms?

1962

When was the Chinese Atomic Bomb tested?

1964

What was the first commune called and why?

The first commune was named 'Sputnik' after the Russian satellite

What happened to the production of bicycles in the First Five Year Plan?

More than double the amount of bicycles targeted were produced

When did communes start to become popular?

When a newspaper quoted Mao saying "The People's Commune is Great"

When was Agrarian Land Reform?

1949 (the Law was in 1950)

How many landlords were executed in struggle meetings?

1-2 million

How many households were involved in struggle meetings?

88%

How much of the land was redistributed during the land reforms?

43% of the land was redistributed to 60% of the population

How much did agricultural production increase by from 1950-52?

15% pa

Why did MATs not make much of a difference?

They only formalised existing arrangements (sharing tools, animals and labour)

How many households were in a MAT?

10

How many households were in an APC?

30-50

How many households were in a higher APC?

200-300

How many joined APCs by 1955?

14% (only 16.9 million out of 110 million)

How much did production increase by in APCs?

Only 2% pa

How many people were in APCs and higher APCs by December 1956?

96% in APCs and 88% in higher APCs

What was the disagreement concerning higher APCs about?

Disagreement between gradualists (Liu and Zhou) and radicals (Mao and local cadres) over pace of collectivisation

How were APCs and higher APCs different?

Higher APCs were bigger and peasants were only compensated (points system) for their labour whereas in APCs peasants were compensated for their land, labour and tools

How many APCs were turned into communes?

740,000 APCs >
26,000 communes

How many people did the Party say were in communes?

99%

What was Mao's policy of advancing agriculture and industry called?

Walking on Two Legs

What were the Four Pests?

Sparrows, flies, rats and mosquitos

What became the official agricultural policy?

Lysenkoism

What was the focus and the aim of the First Five Year Plan?

The focus was on heavy industry and the aim was self-sufficiency

How did Soviet Assistance help in the First Five Year Plan?

Helped to build iron and steel plants, electric power stations, machinery and Soviet Experts were sent to help

How much did the working class grow in the First Five Year Plan?

From 6 to 10 million

How much did industrial production increase in the First Five Year Plan?

15.5%

How much did heavy industry increase in the First Five Year Plan?

It tripled

What were some failures of the First Five Year Plan?

They were dependent on loans from USSR, agriculture only grew 2.1%pa, consumer goods, experience, health & education not prioritised

What were two of the main schemes in the GLF?

Walking on Two Legs and Mass Participation

What were the successes of the GLF?

Irrigation systems, Tiananmen Square was renovated and the system was ideologically socialist

When did private industry end?

During the First Five Year Plan

How much did industrial production fall by in the GLF?

40%

What were the failures of the GLF?

Closure of factories, Backyard Furnaces (useless steel, loss of
agricultural implements and household items), loss of Soviet experts.

What happened at the Lushan Conference?

Peng Duhuai raised concerns about the GLF/the famine and was exiled

How many died in the famine?

30 million

What worsened the famine?

Weather - typhoons and droughts

Who became head of state after Mao resigned?

Liu Shaoqi

Who designed the Third Five Year Plan?

Chen Yun

Who was promoted and who was reduced in the Third Five Year Plan?

Experts were promoted and reduced role of low-level cadres