Latin American Revolutions

Simon Bolivar

Nicknamed the Liberator, Creole who led revolutions against the Spanish in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Jose San Martin

Creole Revolutionary leader, born in Argentina, who freed Chile and joined Bolivar to free Peru.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

former slave who became a general and led rebel forces against French to gain independence for Hispaniola, which became independent country of Haiti

How were colonial governments set up?

Mirrored (copied) the mother country's govt, conquistadors became Viceroys

Mercantilism

Wealth = power so countries want colonies to provide raw materials for the benefit of the mother country

Encomienda system

A system of production in Spain's New World possessions which granted permission to conquistadors to enslave as many natives needed to work a plantation.

Peninsulares

born in Europe, white, top level of colonial society, held all important military and government jobs

Creoles

born in colonies, European descent, second class in colonial society, controlled most land and business

Mestizos

Native American and European mix, third class in colonial society,worked for Peninsulares and Creoles

Mulattos

persons of mixed european and african ancestry, fourth class in colonial society

Influences for revolution

Enlightenment ideas (who's ideas? which ideas?), watching the success of the American and French revolutions

Enlightenment Influences

John Locke (natural rights, overthrow corrupt govt, consent of governed), Rousseau (individual rights, social contract)

Who led most revolutions?

Creoles

Haitian Independence

Slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated French army in 1804

First Mexican Independence War

1810 Mestizo and Native army led by Father Miguel Hidalgo fight for independence, defeated by Creole army (why?)

Second Mexican Independence War

1821 Creoles unite in support of Independence

Brazilian Independence

Bloodless Revolt from Portugal in 1822, new monarchy formed by Prince Pedro

Colombian & Venezuelan Independence

1811 declares independence starting the South American Wars of Independence, led by Creole General Simon Bolivar, win independence in 1821, form Gran Colombia

Chilean & Argentinean Independence

Army of Creoles led by Jose San Martin, freed Argentina in 1816, then Chile in 1818

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed

Peruvian and Bolivian Independence

Jose San Martin met with Simon Bolivar to fight the Spanish and gained independence in 1825-26

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility